Bibliography of Sampling and Monitoring for Acid Rock Drainage

By Lynn Brandvold and Virginia McLemore

This bibliography, containing references dealing with the best scientific practices for sampling and monitoring for acid rock drainage, is organized by subject in order to facilitate easier access to the citations.

American Society for Testing and Materials, 1999. Annual book of ASTM standards: atmospheric analysis, volume 11.03. ASTM, Philadelphia, PA.

Gy, P.M., 1982. Sampling of particulate materials—theory and practice. Elsevier, New York, 431 pp.

Lodge, James P. ed., 1990. Methods of air sampling and analysis, third edition. Intersociety Committee of APCA, ACS, AIChE, APWA, ASME, AOAC, HPS, and ISA, Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.

Bertin, E. P., 1975. Principles and practice of X-ray spectrometric analysis: Plenum Press, New York, 1079 pp.

Cabri, L. J., Campbell, J. L., Laflamme, J. H. G., Leigh, R. G., Maxwell, J. A., and Scott, S. D., 1985. Proton-microprobe analysis of trace elements in sulfides from some massive sulfide deposits: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 23, pp. 133-148.

Civici, N., and Van Grieken, R., 1997. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis in geochemical mapping, in Carvalho, L., ed., EDXRS special issue: X-ray spectrometry, v. 26, n. 4, pp. 147-152

Garner, W. Y., Barge, M. S., and Ussary, J. P., 1992. Good laboratory practice standards: ACS Professional Reference Book, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 571 pp.

Hunt, D.T.E. and Wilson, A. L., 1986. The chemical analysis of water: general principles and techniques (2^nd ed.). The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, London. 683 pp.

Ingamells, C. O. and Pitard, F. F., 1986. Applied geochemical analysis, v. 88, Chemical Analysis, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.

LeRoex, A. P., and Watkins, R. T., 1995. A rapid ion chromatographic method for the determination of the Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio in silicate rocks and minerals: Journal Geochemical Exploration, v. 29, pp. 585-589.

Mills, D. S., de Souza, H. A. F., and Burgener, P. E., 1999. Application of ICP-MS in solving practical problems in mine materials, in Cabri, L. J., Bucknam, C. H., Milosavlijevic, E. B., Chryssoulis, S. L., and Miller, R. A., eds., Analytical technology in the mineral industries: The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (TMS), Warrendale, Pa, pp. 75-82

Norrish, K. and Hutton, J. T., 1969. An accurate x-ray spectrographic method for the analysis of a wide range of geologic samples: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 33, pp. 431-454.

Potts, P. J., 1987, A handbook of silicate rock analysis. Chapman and Hall, NY, NY.

Reeves, R. D. and Brooks, R. R., 1978. Trace element analysis of geological materials, Chemical analysis. vol. 51, Monographs on analytical chemistry and its applications, John Wiley & Sons, NY, NY.

Riddle, C., ed., 1993. Analysis of geological materials. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 67 pp.

Rumble, C. L. and Miller, S. D., 1999. Identifying potentially acid forming overburden types using field NAG testing at PT Kaltim Prima Coal, Indonesia; in Cabri, L. J., Bucknam, C. H., Milosavlijevic, E. B., Chryssoulis, S. L., and Miller, R. A., eds., Analytical technology in the mineral industries: The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (TMS), Warrendale, Pa, pp. in Cabri, L. J., Bucknam, C. H., Milosavlijevic, E. B., Chryssoulis, S. L., and Miller, R. A., eds., Analytical technology in the mineral industries: The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (TMS), Warrendale, Pa, pp. 253-266.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1983. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes: EPA-600/4-79-020, USEPA, Environmental Monitoring Support Lab, Cincinnati, Ohio.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994. Test methods for evaluating solid waste, physical/chemical methods (SW-846): 3^rd edition, update 2B, Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio, 800-553-6847, order number EPASW-846.3.2B, accessed at http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/sw846.htm

Van Loon, J. C. and Barefoot, R. R., 1991. Determination of the precious metals: Selected instrumentation methods: John Wiley and Sons, New York, 273 pp.

Wilson, J. M. D. and Lastra, R., 1999. Quantification of silicate minerals by SEM-based image analysis; in Cabri, L. J., Bucknam, C. H., Milosavlijevic, E. B., Chryssoulis, S. L., and Miller, R. A., eds., Analytical technology in the mineral industries: The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (TMS), Warrendale, Pa, pp. 151-164.

ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Tox FAQs, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1-888-42-8737.

Britton, L. J., and Greeson, P. E., 1987. Methods for collection and analysis of aquatic biological and microbiological samples: U. S. Geological Survey, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 5, Chapter A-4, 363 pp.

Cravotta, A. C., III, and Bird, P.H., 1995. Effects of water saturation and microbial activity on acid production and metals transport from pyritic shale: EOS (abstr.), v. 76, n. 17, p. S149.

Gray, N.F. and O'Neill, C., 1997. Acid mine-drainage toxicity testing: Environ. Geochem. Health, 19971200, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 165-171.

Greenberg A E, Clesceri L S, Eaton A D, and Franson M A H, eds. 1992. Iron and sulfur bacteria, in Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (18^th ed.). Washington, D.C., American Public Health Association, Section 9240.

Govet, G. J. S., 1983. Handbook of exploration geochemistry: vol. 3, Rock geochemistry in mineral exploration, Elsevier, New York.

Nimmo, D. R., Dodson, M. H., Davies, P. H., Greene, J. C., and Kerr, M. A., 1990. Three studies using Ceriodaphnia to detect nonpoint sources of metals from mine drainage: Research Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, January/February, p. 7-72.

Rand, G. M., and Petrocelli, S. A., 1985. Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: Hemisphere Publishing Co., Washington, D. C.

Lax, K, Eden, P., and Bjorklund, A., 1995. Wide-spaced sampling of humus in Fennoscandia; in Maurice, Y. T. and Xie, X., eds., Geochemical Exploration 1993: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 55, n. 1-3, pp. 151-161.

Schmidt, E. L., and Belser, L. W., 1982. Nitrifying bacteria; in Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (2^nd ed.): Madison, Wis., American Society of Agronomy Monograph 9, Page, A. L., Miller, R. H., and Keeney, D. R., eds., pp. 1027-1042.

Silver, M., 1986. Analytical techniques for research on the abatement of bacterial acid generation in pyritic tailings: CANMET Report 86-3E, 24 p.

Ackman, T., and Kleinmann, R. L. P., 1985. In-line aeration and treatment of acid mine drainage—performance and preliminary design criteria: U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9027, pp. 53-61.

Anderson, K., 1994. Environmental management of abandoned and inactive mines: MERN Research Bulletin and Newsletter, n.6, pp. 14-16.

Barnes, H. L., and Romberger, S. B., 1968. Chemical aspects of acid mine drainage: Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, part 1, pp. 371-384.

Brant, R. A., and Moulton, E. Q., 1960. Acid mine drainage manual: 40 p.

Broughton, L. M., and Robertson A. M., 1992. Reliability of ARD testing; in Workshop on U. S. EPA specifications for tests to predict acid generation from non-coal mining wastes, Las Vegas, Nevada, July 1992.

Doyle, F. M., 1990. Acid mine drainage from sulphide ore deposits; in Sulphide deposits–their origin and processing: The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, pp. 301-310.

Duex, T. A., 1994. Acid rock drainage at the Richmond Hill Mine, Lawrence County, South Dakota; in Proceedings of the Fifth Western Regional Conference on Precious Metals, Coal and the Environment: Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration Inc., Lead SD, October 1994, pp. 124-134.

Durkin, T. V., and Herrmann, J. G., 1996. Focusing on the problem of mining wastes: An introduction to acid mine drainage; in Managing Problems at Inactive and Abandoned Metals Mine Sties: U. S. EPA Seminar Publication No. EPA/625/R-95/007, October 1996, pp. 1-3.

Foos, A., 1997. Geochemical modeling of coal mine drainage, Summit Co. Ohio. Environmental Geology, v. 31, pp. 205-210. Abstract: http://www.uakron.edu/envstudies/foos/eg97.html

Fritz, D. M., Oltion, R. G., and Jones, D. G., 1996. Environmental data management: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Preprint 96-122, 5 pp.

Herring, J. R. 1991. Selenium geochemistry—A conspectus; in Proceedings of the 1990 Billings Land Reclamation Symposium on Selenium in Arid and Semiarid Environments, Western United States: U.S. Geological Survey, Circular 1064, 7-24 pp.

Kwong, Y. T. J., 1993. Minesite acid rock drainage assessment and prevention; a new challenge for a mining geologist; in Robertson, I., Shaw, W., Arnold, C., Lines, K., eds., Proceedings of the International mining geology conference: Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Publication Series, v. 5/93, pp. 213-217.

MEND, 1989. Investigation of prediction techniques for acid mine drainage: Mine Environmental Neutral Drainage (MEND), Program Report 1.16.1a, Ontario, Canada.

MEND, 1991. Acid rock drainage prediction manual: Mine Environmental Neutral Drainage (MEND), Program Report 1.16.1b, Ontario, Canada.

MEND, 1997. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, v. 1-4: Vancouver, B.C., May 31-June 6, 1997.

National Academy Press, 1999. Hardrock mining on federal lands: National Academy Press, Washington D. C., 247 p.

Olyphant, G.A., Bayless, E.R., and Harper, D.J., 1991. Seasonal and weather-related controls on solute concentrations and acid drainage from a pyritic coal-refuse deposit in southwestern Indiana, U.S.A.: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 7, p. 219-236.

Orava D. A and Swider R. C., 1996. Inhibiting acid mine drainage throughout the mine life cycle: CIM Bulletin, 89, No.999, pp 52-56.

Rimstidt, J. D., and Newcomb, W. D., 1993. Measurement and analysis of rate data—The rate of reaction of ferric iron with pyrite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, pp. 1919-1934.

Ritchie, A.I.M., 1994. Rates of mechanisms that govern pollutant generation from pyritic wastes; in Alpers C.N., and Blowes, D.W., eds., Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 550, pp. 108-122.

Rose, A. W., Hawkes, H. E., and Webb, J. S., 1990. Geochemistry in mineral exploration: Academic Press, London, 657 pp.

SAS Institute, Inc., 1988. SAS Procedures guide, release 6.03 edition, Cary, NC, SAS Institute, Inc., 441 p.

Sherlock, E. J., Lawrence, R. W. and Poulin, R., 1995. On the neutralization of acid rock drainage by carbonate and silicate minerals: Environmental Geology, v. 25, pp. 43-54.

Singer, P.C., and Stumm, W., 1970. Acidic mine drainage—The rate-determining step: Science, v. 167, pp. 1121-1123.

Skousen, J., Rentoon, J., Brown, H., Evans, P., Leavitt, B., Brady, K., Cohen, L., and Ziemkiewicz, P., 1997. Neutralization potential of overburden samples containing siderite: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 26, n. 3, pp. 673-681.

Smith, A., Robertson, A., Barton-Bridges, J., and Hutchinson, I. P.G., 1992. Prediction of acid generation potential; in Hutchinson, I.P.G., and Ellison, R. D., eds. Mine Waste Management: Lewis Publishers, MI. pp.123-199.

Steffen Robertson and Kirsten, Inc. (B.C.), 1992. Mine Rock Guidelines: Design and Control of Drainage Water Quality: Saskatchewan Environment and Public Safety, Mines Pollution Control Branch Report #93301.

Thomson, B.M., 1994. Minerals and mine drainage: Water Environment Research, v. 66, no. 4, p. 415.

USEPA, 1994. Technical Document—Acid mine drainage prediction: U. S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste, Special Wastes Branch, Washington D.C., EPA 530-R-94-036, 49 p.

Velleman, P. F., and Hoaglin, D., 1981. Applications, basics, and computing of exploratory data analysis: Boston, Mass., Duxbury Press, 354 pp.

Wang W. 1983. The determination of acid reactive sulfide: Environment International, 9, pp 129-133.

Waybrant, K.R., Blowes, D.W., Ptacek, C.J., and S.G. Benner, 1997. A geochemical and mineralogical investigation of porous reactive walls for the prevention of acid mine drainage, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, May 31 - June 6, 1997, Vancouver, British Columbia, 1643-1658.

White W. W., III, Lapakko, K. A. and Cox, R. L., 1997. Effects of protocol variables and sample mineralogy on static-test NP, in Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Society of Mineral Analysts: April 7-10, 1997, Elko, NV, p. 188-233.

Wise, M. B. and Guerin, M. R., 1997. Direct sampling MS for environmental screening: Analytical Chemistry (Washington, DC), v. 69, n. 1, pp. 26A-32A.

Wright J. B, Nilsen D. N., Hundley G., and Galvan G. J., 1995. Field test of liquid emulsion membrane technique for copper recovery from mine solutions: Minerals Engineering, 8(4/5), pp. 549-556.

Caruccio, F. T., Ferm, J. C., Horne, Geidel, Gwendelyn, and Baganz, B., 1977. Paleoenvironment of coal and its relation to drainage quality, Cincinnati, Ohio: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/7-77-067, p. 108.

Cook, T. P., Renton, J. J., Mcdowell, R. R., and Hohn, M. E., 1996. An evaluation of the minimum required sampling density of Middle Pennsylvanian interburdens at a typical southern West Virginia surface mine; a preliminary study (abstr.): AAPG Eastern Section meeting, AAPG Bulletin, v. 80, n. 9, p. 1521

Ficklin, W. H., Plumlee, G. S., Smith, K. S., and McHugh, J. B., 1992. Geochemical classification of mine drainages and natural drainages in mineralized areas; in Kharaka, Y. K. and Maest, A. S., eds., Water-rock interaction: Seventh International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Park City, Utah, July 13-18, 1992, Proceedings, Rotterdam, A. A. Balkema, pp. 381-384.

Levinsen, A. A., 1974. Introduction to Exploration Geochemistry: Applied Publishing, Chicago, IL.

Norecol Environmental Consultants Ltd. and Steffen Robertson and Kirsten (B.C.) Inc., 1992. Survey of closed and abandoned mines in B.C. for acid mine drainage: Report prepared for Supply and Services Canada.

Parks, R. D., 1976, Examination and valuation of mineral property (4^th ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing C. Inc., Reading Massachusetts, 508 pp.

King, A. R., and Hynes, T., 1994. Applications of geophysical methods for monitoring acid mine drainage; in International Land Reclamation and mine drainage conference and third international conference on the abatement of acidic drainage, v. 1: U. S. Bureau of Mines, Special Publication SP 06A-94, pp. 317-326.

MEND, 1994d. Application of remote sensing and geophysics to the detection and monitoring of acid mine drainage: Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) Project 4.6.3, September 1994, Canada.

MEND, 1994f. Applications of geophysical methods for monitoring acid mine drainage: Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) Report 4.6.1, December 1994, Canada.

MEND, 1996. Environmental monitoring of uranium wastes using geophysical techniques: Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) Report MA-1, February 1996, Canada.

MEND, 1997a. Sampling and monitoring data from the Mine Doyon south waste rock dump: Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) Project 1.14.2b, September 1997, Canada.

Borsch, L., 1995. Some observations on mineral properties and analytical reproducibility in geochemical samples: Mining Engineering, v. 47, pp. 567-569.

Cabri, L. J., and Campbell, J. L., 1998. The proton microprobe in ore mineralogy (micro-PIXE technique); in Cabri, J. L. and Vaughan, D. J., eds., Modern approaches to ore and environmental mineralogy: pp. 181-198.

Cabri, L. J., Petruk, W., Laflamme, J. H. G., and Robitaille, J., 1999. Quantitative mineralogical balances for major and trace elements in samples from Agnico-Eagle Mines Limited, Québec, Canada; in Cabri, L. J., Bucknam, C. H., Milosavlijevic, E. B., Chryssoulis, S. L., and Miller, R. A., eds., Analytical technology in the mineral industries: The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (TMS), Warrendale, Pa, pp. 177-192.

Caruccio, F.T., L.R. Hossner, and G. Geidel, 1988. Pyritic materials: acid drainage, soil acidity, and liming. p. 159-190. In Reclamation of Surface-Mined Lands. Vol 1. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL.

Cravotta, C. A., III, 1994. Secondary iron-sulfate minerals as sources of sulfate and acidity—The geochemical evolution of acidic ground water at a reclaimed surface coal mine in Pennsylvania; in Alpers C. N., and Blowes, D. W., eds., Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 550, p. 345-364.

Dixon, J.B., Hossner, L.R., Senkayi, A.L., and Egashira, K. 1982. Mineralogical properties of lignite overburden as they relate to mine spoil reclamation, in Kittrick, J.A., Fanning, D.S., and Hossner, L.R., eds., Acid sulfate weathering: Soil Science Society of America, p. 169-191.

Drever, J. I., and Swoboda-Colberg, N., 1989. Mineral weathering rates in acid-sensitive catchments—extrapolation of laboratory experiments to the field, in Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction: Rotterdam, A. A. Balkema, WRI-6, p. 211-214.

Elberling, B., Nicholson, R. V., Reardon, E. J., and Tibble, P., 1994. Evaluation of sulphide oxidation rates: A laboratory study comparing oxygen fluxes and rates of oxidation product release: Can. Geotech. J., 1994, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 375-383.

Jambor, J. L., 1994. Mineralogy of sulfide-rich tailings and their oxidation products; in J. L. Jambor and D. W. Blowes, eds., Short Course Handbook on Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Mine-Wastes: Mineralogical Association of Canada, v. 22, Waterloo, Ontario, May 1994, pp. 103-132.

McCarty, D. K., Moore, J. N., and Marcus, W. A., 1998. Mineralogy and trace element association in an acid mine drainage iron oxide precipitate; comparison of selective extractions: Applied Geochemistry, v. 13, n. 2, p. 165-176.

Murad, E., Schwertmann, U., Bigham, J.M., and Carlson, L., 1994. Mineralogical characteristics of poorly crystallized precipitates formed by oxidation of Fe2+ in acid sulfate waters, in Alpers, C.N., and Blowes, D.B., eds., Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation: American Chemical Society Symposium Series 550, p. 190-200.

Paktunc, A. D., 1999. Mineralogical constraints on the determination of neutralization potential and prediction of acid mine drainage. Environmental Geology, v. 39, no. 2, pp. 103-112.

Thomson, B.M. and Turney, W.R. 1994. Minerals and mine drainage: Water Environment Research, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 417-432.

Clarkson, C. C., 1978. River quality monitoring: Selection of water quality sampling sites and characterization of a pollutant in a stream: M. S. thesis, University of Massachusetts.

Fytas, K. and Hadjigeorgiou, J., 1995. An assessment of acid rock drainage continuous monitoring technology; in Palmer, A. N., Deep-seated geochemical environments in karst: Environmental Geology, v. 25, n. 1, p. 36-42.

Herr, C., 1995. Protocol for monitoring and predicting the impact of acid mine drainage: sediment sampling: Water Technology Research Technical Report 28, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

Lawrence, R. W. and Sherlock, E. J., 1995. Databases for acid rock drainage prediction and monitoring: Proc. 3rd Canadian Conf. Computer Applications in the Mineral Industry, Montreal, October 22-25, 825-833.

MEND, 1997b. Guideline document for monitoring acid mine drainage: Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) Project 4.5.4, October 1997, Canada.

Robertson, E., 1990, Optimum sampling for acid mine drainage monitoring: Report prepared for the British Columbia Acid Mine Drainage Task Force.

Sanders, T. G., Ward, R. C., Loftis, J. C., Steele, T. D., Adrian, D. D., and Yevjevich, V., 1987, Design of networks for monitoring water quality: Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colo., 328 pp.

Steffen Robertson Kirsten, Inc. (B.C.), Norecol Environmental Consultants Ltd., and Gormely Process Engineering, 1990. Draft Acid Rock Drainage Technical Guide, Vol. 1: Report prepared for the British Columbia Acid Mine Drainage Task Force.

Sutherland, D., 1990, A planning guide to monitoring of mine impacts on NWR lakes, Vol. 1, Study design criteria and protocols for sampling water: Environmental Protection, Conservation and Protection, Northwest Territories District Office, Yellowknife, N.W.T.

Bigham, J. M., 1994. Mineralogy of ochre deposits formed by sulfide oxidation. In: Short Course Handbook on Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Mine-Wastes, J. L. Jambor and D.W. Blowes, Waterloo, Ontario, May 1994, pp. 103-132.

Caruccio, F. T. and Geidel, G., 1982. The geologic distribution of pyrite and calcareous material and its relationship to overburden sampling; in Simpson, D. G. and Plass, W. T., eds., Proceedings of Seminar on the role of overburden analysis in surface mining: U. S. Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 8863, pp. 2-12

Caruccio, F. T., 1984. Applicability of overburden analytical techniques in the prediction of acid drainages, in Proceedings of Symposium on Overburden Analysis as Applied to Surface Mining: Clarion, Pennsylvania, Clarion University Coal Institute and Pennsylvania Mining Professionals.

Caruccio, F. T., and Geidel, G., 1982. The geologic distribution of pyrite and calcareous material and its relationship to overburden sampling, in Proceedings of Seminar on the role of Overburden Analysis in Surface Mining: U. S. Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 8863.

Noll, D. A., Bergstresser, T. W., and Woodcock, J., 1988. Overburden sampling and testing manual: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Bureau of Mining and Reclamation, 78 p.

Perry, E. F., 1985. Overburden analysis--an evaluation of methods in 1985 Symposium on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology and reclamation: Lexington, University of Kentucky, pp. 369-375.

Duncan, G. A. and Lattaie, G. G., 1979. Size analysis procedures used in the sedimentology laboratory, NWRI Manual: National Water Research Institute, Canada Centre for Inland Waters.

Hogg, R., 1988. Characterization problems in comminution—An overview: International Journal of Mineral Processing, v. 22, pp. 25-40.

Arbogast, B. F., ed., 1990. Quality assurance manual for the Branch of Geochemistry: U. S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 90-668, 184 p.

Johnson, W. M., 1993. Quality control and quality assurance; in Analysis of Geological Materials: Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Chris Riddle, ed., pp. 343-376.

Norecol Environmental Consultants LTD. 1992. Field QA/QC protocols for monitoring and predicting impacts of acid rock drainage: prepared for the Resource Branch of the British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Victoria, B.C., 63 pp.

Taylor, J. K., 1987. Quality assurance of chemical measurement: Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI., 328 pp.

Tetra Tech Inc., 1981. Quality assurance/quality control for 301(h) monitoring programs: Guidance on field and laboratory methods: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA 430/9-86-004, Washington, D.C.

Thompson, M., 1989. Analytical quality control in theory and practice: Proceedings of the 3^rd International Symposium on the Harmonization of Quality Assurance Systems in Analytical Chemistry, April 1989, Washington, DC, (ISO/REMCO 184), pp. 183-189.

Thompson, M. and Howarth, R. J., 1978. A new approach to the estimation of analytical precision: J. Geochem. Explor., v. 9, pp. 23-30.

Thompson, M., and Maguire, M., 1993. Estimating and using sampling precision in surveys of trace constituents of soils: Analyst, v. 118, pp. 1107-1110.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996. Guidance for data quality assessment: EPA/600/R-96-084.

Borgman, L. E., Kern, J. W., Anderson-Sprecher, R., and Flatman, G. T., 1996. The sampling theory of Pierre Gy; comparisons, implementation, and applications for environmental sampling; in Principles of Environmental Sampling: American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.

Geoscience Laboratories, 1993. Laboratory manual, v. 1, Sampling for geological analysis: Ontario Geological Survey, Misc. Paper 149.

Golder Associates and Senes Consultants, 1985. Uranium tailings sampling manual: Report NUTP-1 E, prepared for the National Uranium Tailings Program.

Gy, P.M., 1982. Sampling of particulate materials—theory and practice: Elsevier, New York, 431 pp.

Ingamells, C. O., 1973. Approaches to geochemical analysis and sampling: Talanta, v. 21, pp. 141-155.

Ingamells, C. O. and Pittard, F. F., 1986. Sampling, Chapter 1; in Applied geochemical analysis: Wiley, Toronto, Canada, pp. 1-84.

Inland Waters Directorate (IWD), 1983. Sampling for water quality: Water Quality Branch, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Keith L. H., Ed., 1996. Principles of environmental sampling: ACS Professional Reference Book, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 805 pp.

Lightfoot, P. C., and Riddle, C., 1990. An introductory guide to sampling for geological analysis: Geoscience Laboratories, Ontario Geological Survey, Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, Toronto, Canada.

Marcott, D., Groleau, P., and Tavchandjian, O., 1998. Sampling density and grade control: CIM Bulletin 91(1022), pp. 68-75.

Maxwell, J. A., 1976. Sampling and sample preparation at the Geological Survey of Canada—The what, why, and how; in Accuracy in Trace Analysis: Sampling, Sample Handling, Analysis, Vol. 1: NBS Special Publication 422, U.S. Department of Commerce, pp.285-298.

Merks, J. W., 1985. Sampling and weighing of bulk solids: Trans Tech, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.

Mogollon, J. L., Ramirez, A. J., and Bifano, C., 1995. Influence of sampling strategy, lithology, vegetation and rainfall on metal background concentrations in sediment of the tropical Tuy River Basin, Venezuela: Chemical Geology, v. 121, pp. 263-272.

Obenauf, R. H., and Bostwick, R., 1988. SPEX handbook of sample preparation and handling: SPEX Industries, Inc., 94 pp.

Ott, C., and Dave, N., 1990. Field sampling manual for reactive sulphide tailings (abstr.): Geological Association of Canada; Mineralogical Association of Canada, Annual meeting, Program with abstracts, v. 15, p. 100

Pitard, F. F., 1989. Pierre Gy’s sampling theory and sampling practice, v. 1, Heterogeneity and sampling: CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Richardson, J. M., 1993. A practical guide to field sampling for geological programs, in Riddle, C. ed., Analysis of Geological Materials: Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 37-64.

USDA Forest Service, 1992. A conceptual waste rock sampling program for mines operating in metallic sulfide ores with a potential for acid rock drainage: Gene Farmer, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Ogden, Utah.

Belzile, N., DeVitre, R. R., and Tessier, A., 1989. In situ collection of diagenetic iron and manganese oxyhydroxides from natural sediments: Nature, v. 340, p. 376-377.

Cook, S. J., 1997. A comparison of differing lake sediment field sample sizes; application to geochemical exploration for epithermal gold deposits in central British Columbia: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 60, n. 2, p. 127-138.

Dauvalter, V. A., 199., Concentration of metals in bottom sediments of acid lakes: Water Resources, v. 25, n. 3, p. 328-335.

Deniseger, J. and Kwong, Y.T., 1996. Risk assessment of copper-contaminated sediments in the Tsolum River near Courtenay, British Columbia: Water Quality Res J Canada, vol. 31, no. 4, p. 725-740

E.V.S. Consultants, 1990. Review of sediment monitoring techniques: prepared for Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, B.C., Acid Mine Drainage Task Force, Victoria, B.C., 87 p.

Fishman, M.J., and Friedman, L.C., eds., 1989. Methods for determination of inorganic substances in water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 5, Chapter A1, 545 p.

Herr, C., 1995. Protocol for monitoring and predicting the impact of acid mine drainage: sediment sampling: Water Technology Research Technical Report 28, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

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