Annotated bibliography for sampling and monitoring

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APPENDIX 2.2 - Annotated bibliography for sampling and monitoring

Virginia T. McLemore, Lynn A. Brandvold, Dennis Turner, Kathy Smith, Carol Russell, Laurie Wirt, Michael Breeze, Lisa Shevenell and Ted R Angradi.

This annotated bibliography contains references demonstrating the best scientific practices for sampling and monitoring. It is organized by subject, in order to facilitate easier access to the citations. Bibliographic references describing specific analytical methods and techniques are in Appendix 2.4.

AIR

Bennett, J. W., Garvie, A. M., and Richie, A. I. M., 1991, Field procedures manual: Measurement of gas permeability: Australian Nuclear Science Technology Org. Report ANSTO/C317.

Gy, P. M., 1982, Sampling of Particulate Materials-Theory and Practice: Elsevier, New York, 431 pp.
Detailed theoretical treatment of sampling of heterogeneous particulate materials. An updated version of early work, summarized by Ingamells (1973).

Helgen, S., Davis, A., and Byrns, C., 2000, Measurement of oxygen, temperature, and geochemical profiles in sulfide and oxide waste rock dumps of different ages; in ICARD 2000 Proceedings from the 5th international conference on acid rock drainage: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colorado, pp. 269-275.
Collection of temperature, oxygen, pH, and specific conductivity profiles from waste rock piles of different ages in Nevada using a hand-driven soil gas probe and down-hole sampling device allows the determination of basic dump type, history of oxidation, and buffering behavior.

Hockley, D., Smolensky, J., Jahn, S., and Paul, M., 2000, Geochemical investigations and gas monitoring of an acid generating waste rock pile; in ICARD 2000 Proceedings from the 5th international conference on acid rock drainage: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colorado, pp. 181-189.
In 1996, eight drillholes in a waste rock pile resulting from uranium mining were set up to monitor oxygen and temperature for one year to asscess the potential effectiveness of proposed remediation efforts.

ANALYTICAL AND COLLECTION METHODS

Arbogast, B. F., ed., 1990, Quality assurance manual for the Branch of Geochemistry: U. S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 90-668, 184 p.

Arbogast, B. F., ed., 1996, Analytical methods manual for the Mineral Resource Survey Program: United States Geological Survey, Open-File Report 96-525, 248 pp.

American Public Health Association, 1992, Standard methods: 18th ed., U. S. American Public Health Association.

American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, 1992, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater: 18th Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
Compendium of analytical methodology. Includes sampling and sample preservation, and definitions of quality assurance and quality control.

Azaroff, Leonid V. and Buerger, Martin J., The Powder Method in X-ray Crystallography, 1958, McGraw-Hill Book Co.

Beamish, F.E., and Van Loon. J.C., 1977, Analysis of Noble Metals, Overview of Selected Methods: Academic Press, New York.

Briggs, P. H., 1996, Forty elements by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; in Arbogast, B. F., Analytical methods manual for the Mineral Resource Surveys program: U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 96-525, p. 77-94.

Briggs, P. H. and Fey, D. L., 1996, Twenty-four elements in natural and acid mine waters by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; in Arbogast, B. F., Analytical methods manual for the Mineral Resource Surveys program: U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 96-525, p. 95-101.

Brooks, R. R., and Reeves, R. D., 1978, Trace element analysis of geological materials; John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 421 pp.

Bugbee, E.E., 1940, A Textbook of Fire Assaying: John Wiley and Sons, New York, Reprinted by Legend Metallurgical Laboratory, Inc., 1991, Reno, Nevada.

Buhrke, Victor E., Jenkins, Ron, and Smith, Deane K., 1998, Preparation of Specimens For X-ray Fluorescence and X-ray Diffraction Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

Cabri, L. J., Bucknam, C. H., Miloszuljevic, E. B., Chryssoilis, S. L., and Miller, R. A., eds., Analytical technology in the mineral industries: TMS, Minerals, Metals, and Materials Science, Warrendale, PA, 15086, 281 pp.

Cabri, L. J., Campbell, J. L., Laflamme, J. H. G., Leigh, R. G., Maxwell, J. A., and Scott, S. D., 1985, Proton-microprobe analysis of trace elements in sulfides from some massive sulfide deposits: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 23, pp. 133-148.

Cabri, L. J., and Campbell, J. L., 1998, The proton microprobe in ore mineralogy (micro-PIXE technique); in Cabri, J. L. and Vaughan, D. J., eds., Modern approaches to ore and environmental mineralogy: pp. 181-198.

Civici, N., and Van Grieken, R., 1997, Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis in geochemical mapping; in Carvalho, L., ed., EDXRS special issue: X-Ray Spectrometry, v. 26, n. 4, pp. 147-152

Cothern, C. R., ed., 1994, Trace Substances, Environment and Health: Science Reviews, 236 pp.

Cravotta, C.A., III, 1995, Use of stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and slufur to identify sourcse of nitrogen in surface waters in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-510, 103 p.

Crock, J. G., and Arbogast, B. F., and Lamothe, P. J., 1999, Laboratory methods for the analysis of environmental samples; in Plumlee, G. S., and Logsdon, M. J., eds., The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits: Society of Economic Geologists Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 6A, pp. 265-287

Crock, J. G., and Lamothe, P. J., 2000, A short review of the current environmental analytical chemistry of As, Sb, Se, Te, and Bi: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Minor elements 2000, 25 pp.

Cullity, B.D., Elements of X-ray Diffraction, 1978, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.

Donaldson, E.M., 1982, Methods for the Analysis of Ores, Rocks and Related Material Energy: Mines and Resources Canada, CANMET, Ottawa.

Duddridge, G., Grainger, P., and Durrance, E., 1991, Fault detection using soil gas geochemistry: Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, v. 24, p. 427-433.

Eaton, A.D., L.S. Clesceri, and A.E. Greenberg. 1995. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19th Ed. American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, DC.

Faure, G., 1986, Priciples of isotope geology: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, New York, 589 p.

Finklin, W H., and Mosier, E. L., 1999, Field methods for sampling and analysis of environmental samples for unstable and selected stable constituents; in Plumlee, G. S. and Logsden, M. J., eds., The environmental geochemistry f mineral deposits: Society of Economic Geologists, Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 6A, pp. 249-264.

Fountain, J. C. and Jacobi, R. D., 2000, Detection of buried faults and fractures using soil gas analysis: Environmental Geology, v. 6, p. 201-208.

Fritz, P., Basharmal, G.M., Drimmie, R.J., Ibsen, J., and Qureshi, R.M., 1989, Oxygen isotope exchange between sulphate and water during bacterial reduction of sulphate: Chemical Geology, v. 79, p. 99-105.

Fry, Brian, Ruf, W., Gest, H., and Hayes, J.M., 1988, Sulfur isotope effects associated with oxidation of sulfide by O2 in aqueous solution: Chemical Geology, v. 73, p. 205-210.

Garner, W. Y., Barge, M. S., and Ussary, J. P., 1992, Good laboratory practice standards: ACS Professional Reference Book, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 571 pp.

Goldstein, J., 1979, Introduction to Analytical Electron Microscopy: New York and London, Plenum Press, 83 p.

Gilbert, T.J., (ed.), 1989, Methods Manual v. 2, Gold Analysis on Mill Process Solids, Society of Mineral Analysts: Available from Legend Metallurgical Inc., Reno, Nevada.

Hafty, J., Riley, L.B., and Goss, W.D., 1977, A Manual for Fire Assaying and Determination of the Noble Metals in Geological Materials: U.S. Geological Survey, Bull. 1445, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1983, Methods for the examination of waters and associated materials: high performance liquid chromatography, ion chromatography, thin layer and column chromatography of water samples, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.

Hoefs, J., 1987, Stable isotope geochemistry: Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 241 p.

Hunt, D. T. E. and Wilson, A. L., 1986, The Chemical Analysis of Water: General Principles and Techniques: 2nd ed., The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, London. 683 pp.
Does not give detailed analytical procedures, but rather references are quoted through out the text to both the available collections of methods and other useful papers and publications. It is rather a critical and detailed appraisal of the analytical principles important for water.

Ingamells, C. O., 1973, Approaches to geochemical analysis and sampling: Talanta, v. 21, pp. 141-155.

Presents a formula for selecting appropriate sample sizes for size fraction analysis.

Ingamells, C. O. and Pitard, F. F., 1986, Applied geochemical analysis, vol. 88: Chemical analysis: A series of monographs on analytical chemistry and its applications: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Poisson Statistics.

Jenkins, Ron and Snyder, Robert L., Introduction to X-ray Powder Diffractometry, 1996, Vol. 138, Wiley Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Klug, Harold P. and Alexander, Leroy E., X-ray Diffraction Procedures For Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials, 1974, 2nd Edition, Wiley Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Kyser, T. K., ed., 1987, Short course in stable isotope geochemistry of low temperature fluids: Mineralogical Society of Canada, Short Course Handbook, v. 13, 452 p.

LeRoex, A. P., and Watkins, R. T., 1995, A rapid ion chromatographic method for the determination of the Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio in silicate rocks and minerals: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 29, pp. 585-589.

Lichte, F. E., Golightly, D., and Lamothe, P. J., 1987, Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; in Baedecker, P. ed., Methods for geochemical analysis: U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 1770, p. B1-B10.

Mills, D. S., de Souza, H. A. F., and Burgener, P. E., 1999, Application of ICP-MS in solving practical problems in mine materials; in Cabri, L. J., Bucknam, C. H., Milosavlijevic, E. B., Chryssoulis, S. L., and Miller, R. A., eds., Analytical technology in the mineral industries: The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (TMS), Warrendale, Pa, pp. 75-82

Moloughney, P.E., 1986, Assay Methods Used in CANMET for the Determination of Precious Metals: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, CANMET, Ottawa.

Mulik, J. D. and Sawicki, E., 1979, Ion chromatographic analysis of environmental pollutants: v. 2, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI.

Norrish, K. and Hutton, J. T., 1969, An accurate x-ray spectrographic method for the analysis of a wide range of geologic samples: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 33, pp. 431-454.

Parry, S. J., 1991, Activation spectrometry in chemical analysis: Wiley, Chichester, 243 p.

Pohl, C. A. and Johnson, E. L., 1982, Review of ion chromatography: Journal of Chromatographic Science, v. 18, p. 442.

Potts, P. J., 1987, A handbook of silicate rock analysis: Chapman and Hall, New York, NY, 610 p.

Potts, P. J., 1993, Laboratory methods of analysis; in Riddle, C., ed., Analysis of geological materials: Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, New York, p. 123-220.

Potts, P. J., Bowles, J. F. W., Reed, S. J. B., and Cave, M. R., 1995, Microprobe Techniques in Earth Sciences: London, Chapman and Hall, 419 p.

Reed, S. J. B., 1990, Recent developments in geochemical microanalysis: Chemical Geology, v. 83, p. 1-9.

Reed, S. J. B., 1993, Electron Microprobe Analysis: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 326 p.

Reed, S. J. B., 1996, Electron Microprobe and Scanning Electron Microscopy in Geology: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 201 p.

Reeves, R. D. and Brooks, R. R., 1978, Trace element analysis of geological materials: Chemical Analysis, Monographs on analytical chemistry and its applications, v. 51, John Wiley & Sons, NY, NY.

Riddle, C., ed., 1993, Analysis of geological materials: Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 67 p.

Sawicki, E., Mulik, J. D., and Wittgenstein (eds.), 1978, Ion chromatographic analysis of environmental pollutants: v. 1, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI.

Scott, V., and Love, G., 1983, Quantitative Electron-probe microanalysis: West Sussex, Ellis Horwood, 345 p.

Shepard, O.C., and Dietrich, W.F., Fire Assaying: McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York.

Slavin, Morris, 1978, Atomic absorption spectroscopy: Chemical Analysis, v. 25, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 187 p.

Slavin, Walter, 1984, Graphite furnace AAS: a source book:. Perkin-Elmer Corp., Ridgefield, CT.

Smith, Keith A., ed., 1983, Soil analysis: Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, NY, 511 p.

Smith, F. C. and Chang, R. C., 1982, The practice of ion chromatography: John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England.

Taggart, J. E., Jr., Lindsay, J. R., Scott, B. A., Vivit, D. V., Bartel, A. J., and Stweart, K. C., 1987, Analysis of geologic materials by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry; in Baedecker, P. ed., Methods for geochemical analysis: U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 1770, p. E1-E19.

Taylor B E, Wheeler M C and Nordstrom D K. 1984. Stable isotope geochemistry of acid mine drainage: Experimental oxidation of pyrite. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 48: 2,669-2,678.

Taylor, B.E., and Wheeler, M.C., 1994, Sulfur- and oxygen-isotope geochemistry of acid mine drainage in the western United States, in Alpers C.N., and Blowes, D.W., eds., Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation: Washington, D.C. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 550, p. 481-514.

Taylor, B.E., Wheeler, M.C., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1984, Oxygen and sulfur isotope compositions of sulfate in acid mine drainage--evidence for oxidation mechanisms. Nature 308:538-541.

Thompson, M., and Maguire, M., 1993, Estimating and using sampling precision in surveys of trace constituents of soils: Analyst, v. 118, pp. 1107-1110.

Thompson, M. and Walsh, J. N., 1989, Handbook of inductively coupled plasma spectrometry: Blackie and Son Ltd., London, England, p. 201-210.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1979, Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 600/4-79-020.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1983, Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes: EPA-600/4-79-020, USEPA, Environmental Monitoring Support Lab, Cincinnati, Ohio.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, Test methods for evaluating solid wastes: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, SW-846, vol. 1C, ch. 8, 1311-1 to 1311-35.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994, Test methods for evaluating solid waste, physical/chemical methods (SW-846): 3rd edition, update 2B, Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio, 800-553-6847, order number EPASW-846.3.2B, accessed at URL http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/sw846.htm

Van Loon, Jon C., 1980, Analytical atomic absorption spectroscopy: selected methods: Academic Press, Inc, New York, NY, 330 p.

Van Loon, J. C. and Barefoot, R. R., 1991, Determination of the precious metals: Selected instrumentation methods: John Wiley and Sons, New York, 273 pp.

Wilson, J. M. D. and Lastra, R., 1999, Quantification of silicate minerals by SEM-based image analysis; in Cabri, L. J., Bucknam, C. H., Milosavlijevic, E. B., Chryssoulis, S. L., and Miller, R. A., eds., Analytical technology in the mineral industries: The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (TMS), Warrendale, Pa, pp. 151-164.

BIOLOGY (except macroinvertebrates)

Aloi, J.E., 1990, A critical review of recent freshwater periphyton field methods: Canadian journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 47, p.656-670.

ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Tox FAQs, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1-888-42-8737

Britton, L. J., and Greeson, P. E., 1987, Methods for collection and analysis of aquatic biological and microbiological samples: U. S. Geological Survey, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 5, Chapter A-4, 363 pp.
Provides protocols for sample collection, preservation, and analysis.

Canect Environmental Control Technologies, 1989, Field sampling manual for reactive sulphide tailings: Report prepared for Mine Environment Neutral Drainage Program Project 4.1.1, 154 pp.
A comprehensive review of 20ground water monitoring techniques, with charts to assist in selection of appropriate techniques for different sampling scenarios. Also a comprehensive description and review of 19 types of equipment for sampling tailings solids. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are described. And a review and evaluation of techniques for sampling pore gases in tailings impoundments.

Cuffney,T.F., Gurta, M.E., and Meador, M.R., 1993, Methods for collecting benthic invertebrate samples as part of the National Water-quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-07, 66 p.

Cuffney, T. F., Meander, M. R., Porter, S. D., and Gurtz, M. E., 1997, Distribution of fish, benthic invertebrate, and algal communities in relation to physical and chemical conditions, Yakima River Basin, Washington, 1990: : U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations Report 96-4280, 94 pp.

Crawford, J. K., and Luoma, S. N., 1994, Guidelines for studies of contaminants in biological tissues for the national water-quality assessment program: United States Geological Survey, Open-File Report 92-494, 69 pp.

Cravotta, A. C., III, and Bird, P.H., 1995, Effects of water saturation and microbial activity on acid production and metals transport from pyritic shale: EOS (abstr.), v. 76, n. 17, p. S149.

Cuffney, T. F., and Meador, M. R., and Porter, S. D., and Gurtz, M. E., 1997, Distribution of fish, benthic invertebrate, and algal communities in relation to physical and chemical conditions, Yakima river basin, Washington, 1990: U. S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4280, 94 pp.

Eisler, R., 1988, Lead hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review: United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Biological report 85(1.14), Contaminant Hazard Reviews Report No. 14,

Eisler, R., 1987, Mercury hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review: United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Biological report 85(1.10), Contaminant Hazard Reviews Report No. 10

Fitzpatrick, F. A., Waite, I. R., D'Arconte, P. J., Meador, M. R., Maupin, M. A., and Gurtz, M. E., 1998, Revised methods for characterizing stream habitat in the national water-quality assessment program: U. S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4052, 67 pp.
This habitat protocol contains methods for evaluating habitats that incorporates data at basin, segment, reach and microhabitat scales.

Gray, N. F. and O'Neill, C., 1997, Acid mine-drainage toxicity testing: Environ. Geochem. Health, 19971200, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 165-171.

Greenberg A E, Clesceri L S, Eaton A D, and Franson M A H, eds., 1992, Iron and sulfur bacteria. In: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (18th ed.): Washington, D.C., American Public Health Association, Section 9240.

Govet, G. J. S., 1983, Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry: vol. 3, Rock Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration, Elsevier, New York.

Lax, K, Eden, P., and Bjorklund, A., 1995, Wide-spaced sampling of humus in Fennoscandia; in Maurice, Y. T. and Xie X., eds., Geochemical exploration 1993: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 55, n. 1-3, pp. 151-161

Lorenzana, R. M., Ketterer, M., Dawson, M., and Poppenga, R., 1996, Bioavailability of arsenic and lead in environmental substrates: Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 910/R-96-002, 48 pp.

McCarthy, J. F., and Shugart, L. R. (eds.), 1990, Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination: Lewis Publishers, 457 pp.

Meador, M. R., and Cuffney, T. F., and Gurtz, M. E., 1993, Methods for sampling fish communities as part of the national water-quality assessment program: United States Geological Survey, Open-File Report 93-104, 40 pp.
Nimmo, D. R., Dodson, M. H., Davies, P. H., Greene, J. C., and Kerr, M. A., 1990, Three studies using Ceriodaphnia to detect nonpoint sources of metals from mine drainage: Research Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, January/February, p. 7-72.

Porter, S. D., and Cuffney, T. F., and Gurtz, M. E., and Meador, M. R., 1993, Methods for collecting algal samples as part of the national water-quality assessment program, United States Geological Survey, Open-File Report 93-409, 39 pp.

Pryfogle, P.A., and Lowe, R.L., 1979, Sampling and interpretation of epilithic lotic diatom communities, in Werzel, R.L., ed., Methods and measurements of periphyton communities: A review: Philadelphia, PA, American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM STP 690, p.77-89

Rand, G. M., and Petrocelli, S. A., 1985, Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: Hemisphere Publishing Co., Washington, D. C.

Reynold, C.S., 1984, The ecology of freshwater phytoplankton: Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge University Press, 384 p.

Round, F.E., 1981, The ecology of algae: Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 653 p.

Rybock, J., Mitchell, P., Wheaton, A., and Hopper, R., 1999, Silica micro encapsulation: An innovative technology for the prevention and treatment of ARD: Randol Gold and Silver Forum '99, Denver.

Rybock, J., Mitchell, P., and Wheaton, A., 1999, Treatment and prevention of ARD using silica micro encapsulation; in Mining and reclamation for the next millennium: American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation, 16th annual meeting, Scottsdale, Az., pp. ***.

Schmidt, E. L., and Belser, L. W., 1982, Nitrifying bacteria; in Page, A. L., Miller, R. H., and Keeney, D. R., eds., Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd): Madison, Wis., American Society of Agronomy Monograph 9, pp. 1027-1042.

Shelton, L. R., 1997, Field guide for collecting samples for analysis of volatile organic compounds in stream water for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U. S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report OF97-0401, 14 pp.

Silver, M., 1986, Analytical techniques for research on the abatement of bacterial acid generation in pyritic tailings: CANMET Report 86-3E, 24 pp.
Limited description of field sampling techniques.

Stevenson, R.J. and Lowe, R.L., 1986, Sampling and interpretation of algal patterns for water quality assessments, in Isom, B.G., ed., Rationale for sampling and interpretation of ecological data in the assessment of freshwater ecosystem: Philadelphia, PA., American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM STP 894, p.118-149.

Stutz, H. C., 1998, Breeding and selection of Superior plants for use in reclamation: Navajo Coal Company and San Juan Coal Company, BHP Minerals, unpublished report, 85 pp.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Cadmium hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review: United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Biological report 85(1.1)
Need a year

United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Selenium hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review: United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Biological report 85(1.5)
Need a year

United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Chromium hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review: United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Biological report 85(1.6)
Need a year

Walsh, S. J. and Meador, M. R., 1998, Guidelines for quality assurance and quality control of fish taxonomic data collected as part of the national water-quality assessment program: U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations Report 98-4239, 33 pp. national water-quality assessment program: U. S. Geological Survey,

Ward, J.R., and Harr, C.A. eds., 1990 Methods for the collection and processing of surface-water and bed-material samples for physical analyses: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-140,71 p.

Weber, C.I., ed., 1973, Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of surface waters and effluents: Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Office of Research and Development, EPA- 670/4-73-001.

CLIMATE

Olyphant, G.A., Bayless, E.R., and Harper, D.J., 1991, Seasonal and weather-related controls on solute concentrations and acid drainage from a pyritic coal-refuse deposit in southwestern Indiana, U.S.A.: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 7, pp. 219-236.

GENERAL

Anderson, K., 1994, Environmental management of abandoned and inactive mines: MERN Research Bulletin and Newsletter, n.6, pp. 14-16.

Barnes, H. L., and Romberger, S. B., 1968, Chemical aspects of acid mine drainage: Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, part 1, pp. 371-384.

Borgman, L. E., Kern, J. W., Anderson-Sprecher, R., and Flatman, G. T., 1996, The sampling theory of Pierre Gy; comparisons, implementation, and applications for environmental sampling; in Principles of Environmental Sampling: American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
The sampling theory developed and described by Pierre Gy is compared to design-based classical finite sampling methods for estimation of a ratio of random variables.

Brant, R. A., and Moulton, E. Q., 1960, Acid mine drainage manual: 40 pp.

Broughton, L. M., and Robertson A. M., 1992, Reliability of ARD testing; in Workshop on U. S. EPA Specifications for Tests to Predict Acid Generation from Non-Coal Mining Wastes, Las Vegas, Nevada, July 1992.
Brief description of sample preparation techniques and discusses variability of results obtained from various sampling and test methods, and makes recommendations as to appropriate procedures to improve reliability.

Doyle, F. M., 1990, Acid mine drainage from sulphide ore deposits; in Sulphide Deposits-Their Origin and Processing: The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, pp. 301-310.

Duex, T. A., 1994, Acid rock drainage at the Richmond Hill Mine, Lawrence County, South Dakota; in Proceedings of the Fifth Western Regional Conference on Precious Metals, Coal and the Environment: Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration Inc., Lead SD, October 1994, pp. 124-134.

Durkin, T. V., and Herrmann, J. G., 1996, Focusing on the problem of mining wastes: An introduction to acid mine drainage; in Managing Problems at Inactive and Abandoned Metals Mine Sties: U. S. EPA Seminar Publication No. EPA/625/R-95/007, October 1996, pp. 1-3.

Foos, A., 1997, Geochemical modeling of coal mine drainage, Summit Co. Ohio. Environmental Geology, v. 31, pp. 205-210. Abstract: http://www.uakron.edu/envstudies/foos/eg97.html

Fritz, D. M., Oltion, R. G., and Jones, D. G., 1996, Environmental data management: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Preprint 96-122, 5 pp.

Herring, J. R. 1991, Selenium Geochemistry-A Conspectus; in Proceedings of the 1990 Billings Land Reclamation Symposium on Selenium in Arid and Semiarid Environments, Western United States: U.S. Geological Survey, Circular 1064, 7-24 pp.

Kwong, Y. T. J., 1993, Minesite acid rock drainage assessment and prevention; a new challenge for a mining geologist; in Robertson, I., Shaw, W., Arnold, C., Lines, K., eds., Proceedings of the International mining geology conference: Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Publication Series, v. 5/93, pp. 213-217.

MEND, 1989, Investigation of prediction techniques for acid mine drainage: Mine Environmental Neutral Drainage (MEND), Program Report 1.16.1a, Ontario, Canada.

MEND, 1991, Acid rock drainage prediction manual: Mine Environmental Neutral Drainage (MEND), Program Report 1.16.1b, Ontario, Canada.

MEND, 1997, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, v. 1-4: Vancouver, B.C., May 31-June 6, 1997.

National Academy Press, 1999, Hardrock mining on federal lands: National Academy Press, Washington D. C., 247 p.

Orava D. A and Swider R. C., 1996. Inhibiting acid mine drainage throughout the mine life cycle: CIM Bulletin, 89, No.999, pp 52-56.

Rimstidt, J. D., and Newcomb, W. D., 1993, Measurement and analysis of rate data-The rate of
reaction of ferric iron with pyrite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, pp. 1919-1934.
Measured the rate of reaction of ferric iron with pyrite using batch, mixed flow, and plug flow reactors and analyzed the results using differential integration and hybrid methods.

Rose, A. W., Hawkes, H. E., and Webb, J. S., 1990, Geochemistry in mineral exploration: Academic Press, London, 657 pp.

SAS Institute, Inc., 1988, SAS Procedures guide, release 6.03 edition: Cary, NC, SAS Institute, Inc., 441 p.

Singer, P.C., and Stumm, W., 1970: Acidic mine drainage-The rate-determining step: Science, v. 167, pp. 1121-1123.

Smith, A., Robertson, A., Barton-Bridges, J., and Hutchinson, I. P.G., 1992, Prediction of acid generation potential; in Hutchinson, I.P.G., and Ellison, R. D., eds., Mine Waste Management: Lewis Publishers, MI. pp.123-199.
General discussion of sources of AMD, acid forming processes, acid consuming processes, reaction kinetics, sampling, static and kinetic tests, monitoring, and regulatory implications.

U. S. EPA, 1994, Technical Document-Acid Mine Drainage Prediction: U. S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste, Special Wastes Branch, Washington D.C., EPA 530-R-94-036, 49 pp.
Discusses sampling, static and kinetic testing, application of test results in prediction analysis, mathematical modeling, current regulatory requirements, and several case histories.

Velleman, P. F., and Hoaglin, D., 1981, Applications, basics, and computing of exploratory data analysis: Boston, Mass., Duxbury Press, 354 pp.

Wang W. 1983, The determination of acid reactive sulfide: Environment International, 9, pp 129-133.

GEOLOGY

Caruccio, F. T., Ferm, J. C., Horne, Geidel, Gwendelyn, and Baganz, B., 1977, Paleoenvironment of Coal and Its Relation to Drainage Quality, Cincinnati, Ohio: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/7-77-067, p. 108

Cook, T. P., Renton, J. J., Mcdowell, R. R., and Hohn, M. E., 1996, An evaluation of the minimum required sampling density of Middle Pennsylvanian interburdens at a typical southern West Virginia surface mine; a preliminary study (abstr.): AAPG Eastern Section meeting, AAPG Bulletin, v. 80, n. 9, p. 1521

Ficklin, W. H., Plumlee, G. S., Smith, K. S., and McHugh, J. B., 1992, Geochemical classification of mine drainages and natural drainages in mineralized areas; in Kharaka, Y. K. and Maest, A. S., eds., Water-rock interaction: Seventh International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Park City, Utah, July 13-18, 1992, Proceedings, Rotterdam, A. A. Balkema, pp. 381-384.

Levinsen, A. A., 1974, Introduction to Exploration Geochemistry: Applied Publishing, Chicago, IL.

Norecol Environmental Consultants Ltd. and Steffen Robertson and Kirsten (B.C.) Inc., 1992, Survey of closed and abandoned mines in B.C. for Acid Mine Drainage: Report prepared for Supply and Services Canada.
Contains field forms for describing abandoned mine sites.

Parks, R. D., 1976, Examination and valuation of mineral property, 4th ed.: Addison-Wesley Publishing C. Inc., Reading Massachusetts, 508 pp.

GEOPHYSICS

(most taken from Campbell, D. L., 2000, Annotated bibliography of geophysical methods for characterizing mine waste, lat-1994 through early 2000: U. S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 00-428, 12 pp.)

General geophysical references and overviews

Benson, Richard, Glaccum, R.A., and Noel, M.R., 1984, Geophysical techniques for sensing buried wastes and waste migration: National Ground Water Association, 6375 Riverside Dr., Dublin OH 43107, 236 p.
An older treatment, written for hydrologists. Not specific to mine waste problems.

Conyers, L.B., and Goodman, Dean, 1997, Ground-penetrating radar: Walnut Creek, California, Altamira Press, 232 p.
A good introduction to GPR methods.

Corwin, R.F., 1990, The self-potential method for environmental and engineering applications, in Ward, S.H., ed., Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics, v. I: Tulsa, Oklahoma, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, p. 127-146.
Information about, and examples of, SP methods.

Greenhouse, John, Pheme, Peeter, Coulter, David, and Yarie, Quentin, 1998, Trends in geophysical site characterization: in Roberston, P.K., and Mayne, P.W., eds., Geotechnical site characterization--proceedings of the first international conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 19-22 April, 1998, p. 23-34.
Excellent review of recent trends in geophysical site characterization, with many examples. Not specific to mine waste work.

King, A., 1994, Applications of geophysical methods for monitoring acid mine drainage: Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, MEND Project 4.6.1, 212 pp.
Mapping of vegetation encroachment, die-off, stress, and morbidity, as well as percentage and distribution of ground cover and type, are effective techniques in monitoring for the impacts of AMD seepage, and any remediation of such conditions.

King, A. R., and Hynes, T., 1994, Applications of geophysical methods for monitoring acid mine drainage; in International Land Reclamation and mine drainage conference and Third international conference on the abatement of acidic drainage, v. 1: U. S. Bureau of Mines, Special Publication SP 06A-94, pp. 317-326.

Koch, R, R., 1996, Environmental monitoring of uranium mining wastes using geophysical techniques; phase 1 - a comparison and evaluation of conductivity and resistivity methods to monitor acid mine drainage from uranium waste rock piles and tailings areas: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines & Petroleum Resources and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, MEND report, 116 pp.
Electromagnetivity and resisitivity measurements were successfully utilized to detect and trace acidic leachate at the Cluff Lake Mine in Saskatoon.

McNeill, J.D., 1990, Use of electromagnetic methods for groundwater studies, in Ward, S.H., ed., Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics, v. I: Tulsa, Oklahoma, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, p. 191-218.
A good introduction to EM methods.

MEND, 1994f, Applications of geophysical methods for monitoring acid mine drainage: Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) Report 4.6.1, December 1994, Canada.
With commercially available equipment, the lateral and vertical variation in conductivity of groundwater can be mapped. Where conductivity due to man-made contaminants such as AMD exceeds the natural variations in background conductivity, geophysical surveys can be used to map the subsurface distribution of AMD in three dimensions.

MEND, 1997a, Sampling and monitoring data from the Mine Doyon south waste rock dump: Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) Project 1.14.2b, September 1997, Canada.
Report is a compilation of all chemical and mineralogical data from the South Dump of Mine Doyon in Quebec which have been gathered to date. The parameters measured and discussed include: flow measurements; total dissolved solids; effluent density; conductivity; pH; acidity; sulphate; iron; and a wide range of assorted metals.

Peterson, Grant & Watson Limited, 1994, Application of remote sensing and geophysics to the detection and monitoring of acid mine drainage: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines & Petroleum Resources and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, MEND Project 4.6.3, 118 pp.

Plocus, V., G. and Rastogi, V., 1997, Geophysical mapping and subsurface injection for treatment of post-reclamation acid drainage: American Society for Surface Mining and Recdlamation, 14th annual meeting, Vision 2000: An environmental commitment, pp. 34-43.
Describes the use of mapping ARD using electromagnetic terrain conductivity meters and proton processing magnetometers.

Swayze, G. A., and Smith, K. S., and Clark, R. N., and Sutley, S. J., and Pearson, R. M., and Vance, J. S., and Hageman, P. L., and Briggs, P. H., and Meier, A. L., and Singleton, M. J., and Roth, S., 2000, Using imaging spectroscopy to map acidic mine waste: Environmental Science Technology, v. 34, pp. 47-54

Ward, S.H., 1990, Resistivity and induced polarization methods, in Ward, S.H., ed., Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics, v. I: Tulsa, Oklahoma, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, p. 147-190.
A good introduction to DC and IP methods.

Direct push and borehole methods

Bell, R.S., Powers, M.H., and Larson Timothy, eds., 1998, Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Environmental and Engineering Problems, March 22-26, 1998, Chicago IL: Environmental and Engineering Geophysics Society, 10200 W.44th Avenue, Wheat Ridge CO, 1110 pps.
Contains a section with many papers on direct push technologies, p. 1-100. Not specific to mine waste problems.]

Keys, W.S., 1997, A practical guide to borehole geophysics in environmental investigations, Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 176 p.
Good text on standard geophysical logging of boreholes.

Robertson, P.K., Lunne, T., and Powell, J.J.M., 1998, Geo-environmental applications of penetration testing, in Robertson, P.K., and Mayne, P.W., eds., 1998, Geotechnical site characterization--proceedings of the first international conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 19-22 April, 1998, p. 35-48.
Keynote paper at a symposium emphasizing direct push technology. Excellent overview.

Robertson, P.K., and Mayne, P.W., eds., 1998, Geotechnical site characterization--proceedings of the first international conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 19-22 April, 1998, 1496 pp., 2 vols.
Both volumes have many papers on direct push methods. Not specific to mine waste work.
Overviews on using geophysics for mine waste applications

Campbell, D.L, and Fitterman, D.V., 2000, Geoelectrical methods for investigating mine dumps: ICARD2000-Proceedings from the Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage; Littleton CO, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., p. 1513-1523.
An expanded version of the present paper, but without detailed tables or annotations on the bibliographic citations.

Campbell, D.L., Horton, R.J., Bisdorf, R.J., Fey, D.L., Powers, M.H., and Fitterman, D.V., 1999, Some geophysical methods for tailings/mine waste work: Tailings and Mine Waste '99, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, Fort Collins, Colorado, January 24-27, 1999; Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 35-43.
DC, EM, IP, Mag, and GPR work done on and near mine dumps by US Geological Survey.

Custis, Kit, 1994, Application of geophysics to acid mine drainage investigations, volume I -- literature review and theoretical background, MS 09-06: California Department of Conservation, Office of Mine Reclamation, 801 K Street, Sacramento CA 95814-3529, 100 p.
The standard older treatment of surface geophysical methods that can be applied to AMD problems. Includes literature review through about 1993.

Custis, Kit, 1994, Application of geophysics to acid mine drainage investigations, volume II - site investigations, MS 09-06: California Department of Conservation, Office of Mine Reclamation, 801 K Street, Sacramento CA 95814-3529, 100 p.
The standard older treatment of surface geophysical methods that can be applied to AMD problems. Includes examples from several Western U.S. mine waste piles.

King, Alan, and Pesowski, M.S., 1993, Environmental applications of surface and airborne geophysics in mining: CIM Bulletin, v. 86, no. 966, p. 58-67.
Review of geophysical methods applicable to mining environmental issues, with many examples from Canada.

Paterson, Norman, and Stanton-Gray, R., 1995, Application of remote sensing and geophysics to the detection and monitoring of acid mine drainage: CANMET Proceedings for Sudbury '95 - Mining and the Environment, Sudbury, Canada, May 28 - June 1, 1995, v. III, p. 955-967.
Geophysical methods in use in Canada for AMD studies, with predictions of possible future directions.

Schueck, Joseph, 2000, Investigating abandoned mine reclamation sites using geophysical techniques: Proceedings, 22nd Annual National Association of Abandoned Mine Land Programs Conference, Steamboat Springs, Colorado, September 24-27, 2000, p. 395-410.
A nice set of examples of using EM, VLF, and magnetics in abandoned coal mine workings in Pennsylvania. VLF used to locate fissures where surface water was flowing into underground mine workings, to emerge down gradient as AMD. Elsewhere, EM units were used to trace edges of coal mine backfill and AMD from backfill. Magnetics used to find buried tipple refuse, a source of AMD, as well as lost tanks and drums.

Smith, B.D., McCafferty, A.E., and McDougal, R.R., 2000, Utilization of airborne magnetic, electromagnetic and radiometric data in abandoned mine land investigations: Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, May 21-24, 2000, Denver, Colorado, p. 1525-1530.
A case history showing how to integrate various airborne geophysical methods to survey abandoned mine lands in the Boulder, Montana, and Animas, Colorado, watersheds.

Case histories using geophysics to trace AMD plumes

Benson, A.K., 1998, Integrating hydrogeology, geochemistry, and geophysics to map acid mine drainage: in Schultz and Sidhartan, eds., Proceedings of the 33rd symposium on engineering geology and engineering technology, March 25-27, 1998, Reno, Nevada: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 4, p. 411-419.
This paper summarizes geochemistry of mine waters over an area with many mines. Includes an example where many DC Wenner soundings scattered throughout an area mapped out a plume.

Benson, A.K., and Addams, C.L., 1998, Detecting the presence of acid mine drainage using hydrogeological, geochemical, and geophysical data: applications to contrasting conditions at mine sites in Little Cottonwood and American Fork Canyons, Utah: Environmental Geosciences, v. 5, n. 1, p. 17-27.
Repeats the material in the previous reference and includes a second example using areal DC soundings.

Buselli, G., and Hwang, H.S., 1996, Electrical and electromagnetic surveys of a mine tailings dam at Brukunga, SA: CSIRO Exploration and Mining Report 277F, 55 p.
Successfully used DC.

Buselli, G., Hwang, H.S., and Lu, K., 1998, Minesite groundwater contamination mapping: Exploration Geophysics, v. 29. p. 296-300.
Used DC to detect a particular plume.

Buselli, G. and Lu, K., 1999, Applications of some new techniques to detect groundwater contamination at mine tailings dams: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, March 14-18, 1999, Oakland, California, p. 507-516.
Helicopter TEM data covering a large tailings dam and vicinity was inverted to give maps of conductivity at different depths. The maps clearly show a shallow conductivity high over the tailings area, and another nearby high that probably reflects geology. Both highs disappear below 50 m depth. The maps show no obvious AMD plume, however. The authors also made ground SP and IP surveys in an attempt to locate the plume, but these appear to be inconclusive. They think that drainage may be taking place along a fault in the electrically resistive (103-105 ohm-m) gneissic bedrock and they show thin linear conductivity highs in both section and plan views that appear to follow this fault.

Campbell, D.L., Horton, R.J., Bisdorf, R.J., Fey, D.L., Powers, M.H., and Fitterman, D.V., 1999, Some geophysical methods for tailings/mine waste work: Tailings and Mine Waste '99, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, Fort Collins, Colorado, January 24-27, 1999; Rotterdam, A.A Balkema, p. 35-43.
Includes an example of EM over a fossil plume.

Campbell, D.L., Wynn, J.C., Box, S.E., Bookstrom, A.A., and Horton, R.J., 1997, Tests of ground penetrating radar and induced polarization for mapping fluvial mine tailings on the floor of Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, March 23-26, 1997, Reno, Nevada, p. 81-87.
Used IP and GPR to look for fluvially-redistributed mine tailings on the bed of the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho. IP highs probably reflected concentrations of such tailings, whereas the GPR profile showed the stratigraphic structures in which the tailings collected.

DeVos, K.J., Pehme, P., and Greenhouse, J.P., 1997, Ground geophysical surveys for mine wastes, in Gubins, A.G., ed., Proceedings of Exploration '97, Fourth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration: Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada, Toronto, ON, p. 917-926.
Compares DC sounding, VLF, seismic refraction, and TEM methods for tracing an AMD plume below a tailings dam in Canada. The plume was in soil containing many clay lenses, which complicated the interpretations. DC, VLF, and seismic refraction were good at mapping bedrock at 4-25 m depth, but the plume was ambiguous. Of these, VLF was far the fastest and cheapest. TEM did map the plume fairly well, but follow-up drilling was necessary to resolve the issues.

Ebraheem, A.M., Hamburger, M.W., Bayless, E.R., and Krothke, N.C., 1990, A study of acid mine drainage using earth resistivity measurements: Ground Water, v. 28, p. 361-368.
Successfully used DC.

Gamey, T.J., 1998, Acid mine drainage in northern Ontario, in Gibson R.I., and Milligan, P.S., eds., Geologic applications of gravity and magnetics: case histories: SEG Geophysical Reference Series, no. 8, and AAPG Studies in Geology, no.43, Tulsa OK: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, p.112-113.
Used a helicopter-borne 3-frequency system to map a plume extending over 2000 ft from a tailings pond. The sensor was slung 30 to 45 m above the ground and survey lines were spaced 200 m apart. The plume had conductivity of ~5mS/m in a background of ~1mS/m. The size of the plume made it economical to use airborne, rather than ground, EM methods to trace it.

Gudjurgis, P., Katsube, T.J., and Gingerich, J., 1997, Complex resistivity characteristics of pyrite and clays altered by acid-mine-drainage contaminants: implications for monitoring of advancing contamination fronts: Expanded Abstracts With Biographies, Society of Exploration Geophysicists International Exposition and Sixty-Seventh Annual Meeting, November 2-7, 1997, Dallas TX, v. 1, p. 434-437.
A laboratory study to predict IP signatures of AMD plumes. The main IP effects were at higher frequencies than are commonly used by present-day IP gear.

King, A.R., and Hynes, T., 1994, Applications of geophysical methods for monitoring acid mine drainage: Proceedings of the International Land reclamation and Mine Drainage Conference and Third International Conference on the Abatement of Acid Drainage, U.S. Bureau of Mines Special Publication SP 06A-94, v. 1, p. 317-326.
Review of geophysical methods for tracing AMD.

McDougal, R.M., Smith, B.D., Cannon, M.R., and Fey, D.L., 2000, Integrated geophysical, geochemical, and hydrological study of the Buckeye mine tailings, Boulder watershed, Montana: Proceedings, 22nd Annual National Association of Abandoned Mine Land Programs Conference, Steamboat Springs, Colorado, September 24-27, 2000, p.411-428.
EM units were used to trace shallower (EM-31) and deeper (EM-34) parts of a plume migrating from tailings deposit towards a nearby stream.

Merkel, R.H., 1972, The use of resistivity techniques to delineate acid mine drainage in ground water: Ground Water, v. 10, p. 38-42.
Successfully used DC.

Paterson, Norman, 1997, Remote mapping of mine wastes, in Gubins, A.G., ed., Proceedings of Exploration '97, Fourth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration: Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada, Toronto, ON, p. 905-916.
Includes two particularly instructive examples involving repeat geophysical surveys to monitor evolution of plumes. The first, made with an EM-34T system, showed up a new lobe of the plume that had developed between surveys. The second showed the GPR profiles reproduced here in Figure 6. This paper also reports an attempt to trace an AMD plume using SP. The results were strongly affected by near-surface conditions and were inconclusive.

Phillips, G., and Maathuis, H., 1997, Surface and downhole EM investigations at potash mine sites in Saskatchewan, Canada: case histories: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, March 23-26, 1997, Reno, Nevada, p. 97-106.
Authors relate their practical experience using geophysics to trace plumes from potash mines. Their plumes were briney, rather than acidic, but also very electrically conductive. They state they have found EM cheaper than DC for their application, and compare many commercial EM instruments, giving useful discussions of the strengths and weaknesses of each.

Sinha, A.K., 1994, Ground electromagnetic surveys for environmental investigations a the Heath Steele mines area, New Brunswick: Current Research 1994-E; Geological Survey of Canada, p. 219-225.
Used EM-31T and EM-34T at two sites. At the first, the AMD plume was in soil, and EM easily found it. At the second, drainage appeared to be via fractures in the bedrock. There EM failed to see the plume.

Yuval and Oldenberg, D.W., 1996, DC resistivity and IP methods in acid mine drainage problems: results from the Copper Cliff mine tailings impoundments: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 34, p. 187-198.
Authors were trying out IP, but made the necessary concomitant DC profiles. DC showed the AMD plume well, whereas IP was inconclusive.

Examples using geophysics at mine waste piles

Buselli, G., Hwang, H.S., and Lu, K., 1998, Minesite groundwater contamination mapping: Exploration Geophysics, v. 29. p. 296-300.
Compares DC and TEM methods in a study of a tailings pond, now mostly filled, at an abandoned pyrite mine in South Australia. Concludes that DC works best for shallow investigations, TEM for deeper ones (see fig 5). Also reports on SP work done on the property.

Butts, R.A., and Hague, P.R., 1998, Locating dangerous historic mine workings in the Cresson open-pit mine with the aid of ground penetrating radar: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, March 22-26, 1998, Chicago, Illinois, p. 511-520.
GPR is being used at a new open pit gold mine near Cripple Creek, Colorado, to systematically survey ahead of its excavation machinery. The GPR work warns of potential hazards from old mine openings.

Campbell, D.L., Fitterman, D.V., Hein, A.S., and Jones, D.P., 1998, Spectral induced polarization studies of mine dumps near Silverton, Colorado: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, March 22-26, 1998, Chicago, Illinois, p. 761-769.
This paper contrasts two mine dumps in Colorado, one with a low and even IP response (<12 milliRadian phase shift) and a second with local highs in its IP response (>40 mR phase shifts). IP highs did not particularly correlate with conductivity highs. Analyses of composite geochemical samples from the first dump showed <1 wt% sulfides, and about 6 wt% sulfides in the second (Steve Sutley, written commun., 1998), a result that supported the geophysical interpretation.

Carlson, N.R., and Zonge, K.L., 1997, Case histories of electrical and electromagnetic geophysics for environmental applications at active mines: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, March 23-26, 1997, Reno, Nevada, p. 73-80.
A report on using both TEM and CSAMT at several active leach dumps in the southwestern U.S. They give an example from a copper leach dump, where the 10 ohm-m contour on their cross sections closely coincides with pre-dump topography, now buried as much as 150 ft deep. They state that CSAMT works better than TEM for such an application and depths.

Frangos, W., 1997, Electrical detection of leaks in lined waste disposal ponds: Geophysics, v. 62, no.6, p. 1737-44.
Permanent electrode arrays were emplaced under a liner to monitor for leaks.

Freeman, K., Wright, J., and Phillips, N., 1997, Practical geophysical applications for everyday operational and engineering problems at Newmont Gold Company: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, March 23-26, 1997, Reno, Nevada, p. 53-56.
Gives an example of monitoring for leaks in a tailings pond by combining a mise-a-la-masse source in the pond with permanent electrode arrays under its liner.

Jansen, John, Haddad, Bassem, Fassbender, Wayne, and Jurcek, Patrick, 1992, Frequency domain electromagnetic induction sounding surveys for landfill site characterization studies: Ground Water Monitoring Review, v. 12, no. 4, p. 103-109.
FDEM data was inverted to get details of dump structure.

McDougal, R.M., Smith, B.D., Cannon, M.R., and Fey, D.L., 2000, Integrated geophysical, geochemical, and hydrological study of the Buckeye mine tailings, Boulder watershed, Montana: Proceedings, 22nd Annual National Association of Abandoned Mine Lands Programs Conference, Steamboat Springs, Colorado, September 24-27, 2000, p.411-428.
EM-31 and EM-34, DC, and magnetics were used to investigate a deposit of mill tailings. The EM units gave shallower (EM-31) and deeper (EM-34) details on tailings units, and on a plume migrating towards a nearby stream. DC gave depth to bedrock, and mag showed ferrous metal junk.

Monier-Williams, M., Maxwell, M., and Schneider, G., 1997, Preparing for waste: geophysics in geotechnical and environmental assessments of proposed mine waste facilities, in Gubins, A.G., ed., Proceedings of Exploration '97, Fourth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration: Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada, Toronto, ON, p. 893-904.
Describes integrated GPR, EM, seismic reflection, and borehole geophysical work done by their firm to investigate basements and damsites prior to siting new tailings empoundment areas in Canada. One part of this report tells of SASW (spectral analysis of surface waves) work done to help determine mechanical properties of a tailings pile in Ontario. Geophones, which were wetted and allowed to freeze into place, were used to record seismic waves generated by weight drops and sledgehammer blows. Spectral analyses of these wavetrains were then used to model vertical distributions (soundings) of shear strength under the source points. The models extended to about 20 m depth. Such methods presumably could be used to find depths to water table and base of the tailings, as well as shear strength.

Painter, M.A., Laverty, B., Stoertz. M.W., and Green, D.H., 2000, Resistivity imaging of a partially reclaimed coal tailings pile: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, February 20-24, 2000, Arlington, Virginia, p. 679-687.
A dipole-dipole resistivity survey did an excellent job of outlining the bottom of a coal tailings pile in southern Ohio. Coal tailings with AMD had resistivity of <20 ohm-m; unconsolidated clays, silts, and sands fell in the range 20 to 50 ohm-m; and sandstone bedrock was >50 ohm-m.

Wardlaw, S., and Wagner, R., 1994, Development of waste rock sampling protocol using induced polarization: CANMET-MSL Div., Nat. Resour. Can., Ottawa, LR, 777-071, Final Rep.
An IP survey of a tailings/rock pile near Sudbury, Ontario, successfully identified high sulfide concentrations therein. Authors consequently propose that IP work could be part of protocols to estimate the sulfide contents of such sites.

Yuval and Oldenberg, D.W., 1996, DC resistivity and IP methods in acid mine drainage problems: results from the Copper Cliff mine tailings impoundments: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 34, p. 187-198.
IP work at several mine dumps near Sudbury, Canada, found likely sulfide pods, although there were no boreholes or other information to confirm the interpretations. Metallic junk in the mine dumps gave extreme IP signatures that complicated the interpretations. At Sudbury, high IP values generally correlated with high conductivity values.

Examples using geophysics at landfills, possibly relevant to mine work

Bauman, P.D., Lockhard, M., Sharma, A., and Kellett, R., 1997, Case studies of 2D resistivity surveying for soils, waste management, geotechnical, and groundwater contaminant investigations: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, March 23-26, 1997, Reno, Nevada, p. 261-270.
Practical case histories demonstrating use of multiple-electrode DC arrays.

Draskovits, P., 1994, Application of induced polarization methods in integrated studies of ground water exploration and characterization of subsurface contamination: The John S. Sumner Memorial International Workshop on Induced Polarization (IP) in Mining and The Environment, Dept. Min. Geol., Univ. Arizona, Tucson AZ.
Work on a high-chloride plume in Hungary showed IP response peaked at places where total dissolved solid content in the plume was moderate, but decreased again for higher amounts of TDS.

Frangos, W., and Andrezal, T., 1994, IP measurements at contaminant and toxic waste sites in Slovakia: The John S. Sumner Memorial International Workshop on Induced Polarization (IP) in Mining and The Environment, Dept. Min. Geol., Univ. Arizona, Tucson AZ.
DC and IP studies of a Czech landfill and its plume. Both outlined the edges and depth of the landfill. DC saw the plume; IP did not.

Frohlich, R.K., Urish, D.W., Fuller, James, and O'Reilly, Mary, 1994, Use of geoelectrical methods in groundwater pollution surveys in a coastal environment: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 32, p. 139-154.
Schlumberger DC soundings, Wenner DC profiling, and borehole geoelectric work were done to map a plume from a landfill on Cape Cod. There was an increase in formation factor (the ratio of the overall electrical resistivity of a geological unit to that of its pore water alone) as the plume moves through an unconsolidated sand. The authors speculate that residues from the landfill were clogging pores and that iron-oxidizing bacteria were precipitating dissolved iron so as to cause the observed increases.

Lanz, E.B., Maurer, H., and Green, A.G., 1997, Characterization of a composite landfill: a multidisciplinary approach: Expanded Abstracts With Biographies, Society of Exploration Geophysicists International Exposition and Sixty-Seventh Annual Meeting, November 2-7, 1997, Dallas TX, v. 1, p. 776-779.
Seismic tomography to investigate a landfill in Switzerland. Geophones spaced 2 m apart on the surface recorded P-waves from multiple shots. The data, inverted using a tomographic inversion scheme, show the shape of the bottom of the landfill, which is up to 18 m deep. It also shows some internal structure of the landfill. Dump material had a P-wave velocity of about 1400 m/s, and that of the underlying unconsolidated gravel into which the landfill had been emplaced was about 1800 m/s. This seismic tomographic method should work for mine dumps as well as for landfills.

Lemke, S. R., and Young, C. T., 1998, Leachate plume investigations using mise-a-la-masse resistivity: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, March 22-26, 1998, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 839-847.
Describes mise-a-la-masse investigations to trace contaminant plumes from landfills in Michigan. The method should also work for tracing AMD plumes.

Park, Stephen, 1998, Fluid migration in the vadose zone from 3-D inversion of resistivity monitoring data: Geophysics, v. 63, no. 1, pp. 41-51.
An example of electrical resistivity tomography, ERT, to trace fluid plumes.

Tezkan, B., Goldman, M., Greinwald, S., Hördt, A., Müller, I., Neubauer, F.M., and Zacher, G., 1996, A joint application of radiomagnetotellurics and transient electromagnetics to the investigation of a waste deposit in Cologne (Germany): Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 34, pp. 199-212.
CSAMT and TEM surveys at an abandoned gravel pit which now serves as a municipal waste dump. The dump is full to overflowing, so that the locations of the original edges of the gravel pit are lost. Reflection seismic, DC geoelectric, and VLF surveys were also used there. All the electrical conductivity methods found the buried pit edges; like most mine dumps, relatively conductive inside and resistive outside.

White, C. C, and Barker, R. D., 1997, Electrical leak detection system for landfill liners: a case history: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, Summer, 1997, pp. 153-159.
A system of electrodes emplaced below a landfill liner was subsequently monitored, giving early warning of the presence and location of leaks.

Zonge Engineering, 1999, Down in the dumps: landfill characterization with an extremely fast IP method: workshop notes from the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, March 15, 1999, Oakland, California.
Demonstrates a multi-electrode DC/IP system that was fast and effective at locating trash pockets under a 17ft-thick soil cap.

GROUND WATER

Backhus, D. A., Ryan, J. N., Groher, D. M., MacFarlane, J. K., Gschwend, P. M., 1993, Sampling colloids and colloid-associated contaminants in ground water. Ground Water, v. 31, p. 466-479.
Presentation of a ground water sampling strategy for collecting mobile colloids while avoiding the inclusion of normally immobile subsurface and well-derived solids. Results of this study show that slow, prolonged pumping of ground water is more effective than traditional bailing techniques for obtaining ground-water samples that represent in situ colloid populations.

Barcelona, M. J. and Helfrich, J. A., 1986, Well construction and purging effects on ground-water samples. Environmental Science and Technology, v. 20, p. 1179-1184.
Multiple well installations of selected casing materials (PFTE, 304 stainless steel, and PVC) were constructed and sampled to determine if well purging and construction procedures bias chemical constituent determinations in ground water. Significant differences were observed in purged samples taken from PTFE, stainless steel, and PVC wells for total organic carbon and volatile halocarbons.

Buddemeier, R. W. and Hunt, J. R., 1988, Transport of colloidal contaminants in ground water: Radionuclide migration at the Nevada Test Site. Applied Geochemistry, v. 3, p. 535-548.

Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), 1994, Handbook for waste rock sampling techniques, MEND Report 4.5.1-2.

Danielsson, L. G., 1982, On the use of filters for distinguishing between dissolved and particulate fractions in natural waters. Water Research, v. 16, p. 179-182.

Freeze, J. and Cherry, J., 19xx, Ground Water, Prentice Hall, x pp.

Environmental Protection Agency, 1995, Ground water sampling-A workshop summary. EPA/600/R-94/205, 98 pp.
A summary of a workshop attended by researchers and remedial practitioners that focused on ground water monitoring goals and objectives, design and installation of subsurface sampling points, well purging and sampling, colloidal transport and ground water sampling, filtration and sample handling, documentation and technology transfer.

Garske, E. E. and Schock, M. R., 1986, An inexpensive flow-through cell and measurement system for monitoring selected chemical parameters in ground water. Ground Water Monitoring Review, v. 6, p. 79-84.

Gray, N. F., 1996, Field assessment of acid mine drainage contamination in surface and ground water. Environmental Geology, v. 27, p. 358-361.

Herbert, R. B., 1994, Metal transport in ground water contaminated by acid mine drainage. Nordic Hydrology, v. 25, p. 193-212.

Kennedy, V. C., Zellweger, G. W., and Jones, B. F., 1974, Filter pore-size effects on the analysis of Al, Fe, Mn, and Ti in water. Water Resources Research, v. 10, p. 785-790.
Illustrates problems with fine particles passing through 0.45 micron membrane filters with respect to thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. The authors propose that 0.1micron filters are more appropriate for evaluating dissolved vs. suspended solids concentrations.

Lapham, W. W., Wilde, F. D., and Koterba, M. T., 1995, Ground-water data-collection protocols and procedures for the national water-quality assessment program: Selection, installation, and documentation of wells, and collection of related data: U. S. Geological Survey, Open-file report OF 95-398, 69 pp.

McCarthy, J. F. and Zachara, J. M., 1989, Subsurface transport of contaminants. Environmental Science and Technology, v. 23, p. 496-502.

Parker, L. V., 1994, The effects of ground water sampling devices on water quality: A literature review. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 14, spring, p. 130-141.
This paper reviews field and laboratory studies that tested grab samplers (bailers), positive displacement devices, gas-lift pumps, and suction-lift pumps.

Puls, R. W. and Barcelona, M. J., 1989, Ground water sampling for Metals Analyses, Ground Water Issue Paper, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/540/4-89/001, 6 pp.
This paper provides a discussion of issues relating to filtration of ground water samples in support of risk assessment and risk management. The study suggests that the use of 0.45micron filters does not necessarily provide information on metals mobility in ground water systems, nor is it appropriate for the determination of dissolved constituents in ground water. If information about possible mobile contaminants is needed, unfiltered samples should be given priority. For accurate estimations of truly dissolved species concentrations, filtration with a nominal pore size smaller than 0.45 microns is recommended.

Puls, R. W. and Barcelona, M. J., 1991 Low-flow (minimal drawdown) ground-water sampling procedures, Ground Water Issue Paper, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/540/S-95/504, 12 pp.
Description of low-flow sampling protocols, including sampling recommendations, equipment calibration, water level measurement and monitoring, pump types, pump installation, filtration, water quality indicator parameters, sampling, sample containers, preservation, and decontamination.

Puls, R. W. and Powell, R. M., 1992, Acquisition of representative ground water quality samples for metals. Ground Water Monitoring Review, v. 12, summer, p. 167-176.

Puls, R. W., Clark, D. A., Bledsoe, B., Powell, R. M., and Paul, C. J., 1992, Metals in ground water: Sampling artifacts and reproducibility. Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials, v. 9, p. 149-162.

Habitats
Meador, M. R., Hupp, C. R., Cuffney, T. F., and Gurtz, M. E., 1993, Methods for characterizing stream habitat as part of the national water-quality assessment program: U. S. Geological Survey, Open-file report OF 93-408, 48 pp.

Macroinvertebrates
Baker, J.R., D.V. Peck, and D.W. Sutton (editors). 1997, Environmental monitoring and assessment program-surface waters: field operations and methods for measuring the ecological conditions of wadeable streams. EPA/620/R-97/004F.
This manual includes a chapter on EPA field methods for collecting macroinvertebrates in lakes.

Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 1999, Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers: periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish, 2nd edition: EPA 841-B-99-002. USEPA Office of Water; Washington, D.C.
This is a comprehensive manual for using biological monitoring to assess the conditions of streams. Many state water quality monitoring programs are based on similar methods.

Batzer, D.P., R.B. Rader, and S.A. Wissinger, ed., 1999, Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 1100 pp.
This is a comprehensive treatment of the ecology of wetland invertebrates; it contains many insights useful for designing monitoring programs for wetlands.

Carter, L. F. and Porter, S. D., 1997, Trace-element accumulation by Hygrohypnum ochraceum in the upper Rio Grande basin, Colorado and New Mexico, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 16, no. 12, pp. 2521-2528.
Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in bryophytes, water, and sediment were higher at sites that receive drainage from mining areas than at sites near agricultural or urban activities.

Clements, W.H. 1994. Benthic invertebrate community responses to heavy metals in the Upper Arkansas River Basin, Colorado. Journal of the North American Benthological Society. V. 13, pp. 30-44.

Clements, W.H. 199. Development and validation of a regional biotic index to assess the effects of heavy metals on headwater streams of the southern Rocky Mountain ecoregion. Final Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VII, Denver, CO.

Cuffney, T. F., Gurtz, M. E., and Meander, M. R., 1993a, Methods for collecting benthic invertebrate samples as part of the national water-quality assessment program: U. S. Geological Survey, Open-file report OF 93-406, 66 pp.
This manual has useful information on multiple sampler types.

Cuffney, T. F., Gurtz, M. E., and Meander, M. R., 1993b, Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the national water-quality assessment program: U. S. Geological Survey, Open-file report OF 93-407, 80 pp.

Earle, J. and T. Callaghan, 199.Impacts of mine drainage on aquatic life, water use, and man made structures. In Coal mine drainage prediction and pollution prevention in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Harrisburg, PA 17105. (Incomplete citation).
This is an excellent overview of the subject. Emphasis is on coal mining. Many case studies are cited.

Gray, L.J, and J.V. Ward. 1983. Leaf litter breakdown in streams receiving treated and untreated metal mine drainage. Environment International 9:157-167

Hauer, F.R. and G.A. Lamberti (editors). 1996. Methods in stream ecology. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, CA. 673 p. Standard reference.

Karr, J.R. and E. W. Chu. 1999. Restoring life in running waters: better biological monitoring. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 206 p.
This book covers the rationale for and importance of biological monitoring and is a defense of the multimetric approach to monitoring streams.

Koryak, M., M.A. Shapiro, and J.L Sykora. 1972, Riffle zoobenthos is streams receiving acid mine drainage. Water Research 6:1239-1247.
A case study from Pennsylvania that illustrates complex effects of AMD. Low pH and ferric precipitates have dissimilar effects on benthos and fish.

Lazorchak, J.M., D.J. Klemm, and D.V. Peck (editors). 1998. Environmental monitoring and assessment program-surface waters: field operations manual for and methods for measuring the ecological conditions of wadeable streams. EPA/620/R-94/004F.
This manual includes a chapter on EPA field methods for collecting macroinvertebrates in streams.

Leland, H.V., S.V. Fend, and T.L. Dudley, and J.L. Carter. 1989. Effects of copper on species composition of benthic insects in a Sierra Nevada, California, stream. Freshwater Biology 21:163-179.

Mason, W.T., ed., 1978, Methods for the assessment and prediciton of mineral mining impacts on aquqatic communities; a review and analysis: Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Serice, Publication FWS/OBS-78/30, 157 pp.

Merritt, R.W., and K.W. Cummins (editors). 1996. An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. 3rd edition. Kendall Hunt Publishing Co. Dubuque, IA. 862 p.
This is the essential reference for aquatic macroinvertebrates in North America. Includes chapters on sampling and monitoring. Essential.

McKnight, D.M. and G. Feder. 1984. The ecological effect of acid stream conditions and precipitation of hydrous metal oxides in a Rocky Mountain Stream. Hydrobiologia, v. 119, pp. 129-138.

Nelson, S. B., and Campbell, S. G., 1995, Integrated assessment of metals contamination in a lotic system using water chemistry, transplanted bryophytes, and macroinvertebrates: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 10, no. 4, pp. 409-420.

Peckarsky, B.L., and K.Z. Cook. 1981. Effect of Keystone mine effluent on colonization of stream benthos. Environmental Entomology 10:864-871.
Macroinvertebrates were sampled upstream and downstream of AMD from an inactive lead and zinc mine in the Gunnison Basin in Colorado.

Plafkin, J.L.m Barbour, M.T. Porter, K.D., Gross, S.K. and Highes, R.M. 1989, Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: Benthic Macroinvertebrates and fish: Washington D.C., U.S. Environemental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regualtion and Standards, EPA/444/4-89-001

Rosenberg, D.M. and V.H. Resh (editors). 1993. Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. Chapman and Hall, New York. 487.
The most comprehensive treatment of the subject. The best source of information on the history of and various approaches to biomonitoring.

Tesmer, M.G., and Wefring, D.R., 1981, Annual macroinvertebrate sampling - A low-cost tool for ecological assessment of effluent impact, in Bates, J.M., and Weber, C.I. eds., Ecological assessments of effluent impacts on communities of indigenous aquatic organisms: American Society for Testing Of Materials, ASTM STP 730, pp. 264-279.

Thorp, J.H., and A.P. Covich (editors). 1991. Ecology and classification of North America freshwater invertebrates. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, CA. 911p.
Standard reference. Comprehensive for North America.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1981, Second annual report on carcinogens: Washington D.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December, pp. 134-136

Ward, J.V. and B.C. Kontratieff. 1992. An illustrated guide to the mountain stream insects of Colorado. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, CO. 191p.
This is an excellent semi-technical reference on the aquatic macroinvertebrates of Colorado. Also included is a short treatment on the impacts of mining on stream insect communities.

Waters, T.F. 1995. Sediment in streams: sources, biological effects and control. American Fisheries Society Monograph 7. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, M.D. 251p.
This is good overview of sediment in streams. Included are chapters on mining and macroinvertebrate.

MINERALOGY

Borsch, L., 1995, Some observations on mineral properties and analytical reproducibility in geochemical samples: Mining Engineering, v. 47, pp. 567-569.

Cabri, L. J., Petruk, W., Laflamme, J. H. G., and Robitaille, J., 1999, Quantitative mineralogical balances for major and trace elements in samples from Agnico-Eagle Mines Limited, Québec, Canada; in Cabri, L. J., Bucknam, C. H., Milosavlijevic, E. B., Chryssoulis, S. L., and Miller, R. A., eds., Analytical technology in the mineral industries: The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (TMS), Warrendale, Pa, pp. 177-192.

Caruccio, F.T., L.R. Hossner, and G. Geidel. 1988. Pyritic materials: acid drainage, soil acidity, and liming. p. 159-190. In Reclamation of Surface-Mined Lands. Vol 1. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL.

Cravotta, C. A., III, 1994, Secondary iron-sulfate minerals as sources of sulfate and acidity-The geochemical evolution of acidic ground water at a reclaimed surface coal mine in Pennsylvania; in Alpers C. N., and Blowes, D. W., eds., Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 550, p. 345-364.

Desborough, G. A., Briggs, P. H., Mazza, N., 1998, Chemical and mineralogical characteristics and acid-neutralizing potential of fresh and altered rocks and soils of the Boulder River headwaters in Basin and Cataract Creeks of northern Jefferson County, Montana: United States Geological Survey, Open-File Report 98-40, 21 pp.

Dixon, J.B., Hossner, L.R., Senkayi, A.L., and Egashira, K. 1982, Mineralogical properties of lignite overburden as they relate to mine spoil reclamation, in Kittrick, J.A., Fanning, D.S., and Hossner, L.R., eds., Acid sulfate weathering: Soil Science Society of America, p. 169-191.

Drever, J. I., and Swoboda-Colberg, N., 1989, Mineral weathering rates in acid-sensitive
catchments-extrapolation of laboratory experiments to the field, in Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction: Rotterdam, A. A. Balkema, WRI-6, p. 211-214.

Elberling, B., Nicholson, R. V., Reardon, E. J., and Tibble, P., 1994, Evaluation of sulphide oxidation rates: A laboratory study comparing oxygen fluxes and rates of oxidation product release: Can. Geotech. J., 1994, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 375-383.
Three methods to determine sulfide oxidation rates were evaluated. The consistency and precision of the methods were noted and a new practical field mapping tool is recommended.

Hagni, R. D., 2000, The mineralogy of minor and trace elements in the Co-Ni-Cu-Pb-Zn ores of the Vibrurnum trend in Missouri: Ag, Cd, Ge, Co, Ni, As, Sb, and Bi minerals; in Young, C., ed., Minor elements 2000, Processing and environmental aspects of As, Sb, Se, Te, and Bi: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colo., p. 181-190.

Jambor, J. L., 1994, Mineralogy of Sulfide-rich Tailings and their oxidation products; in J. L. Jambor and D. W. Blowes, eds., Short Course Handbook on Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Mine-Wastes: Mineralogical Association of Canada, v. 22, Waterloo, Ontario, May 1994, pp. 103-132.
Brief discussion on sample collection, sample selection and sample preparation.

Jambor, J. L., Nesbitt, H. W., and Blowes, D. W., 1999, Role of silicates in the compositional evolution and neutralization of Fe- and Mg-sulfate waters in Waite Amulet Tailings, Canada; in Cabri, L. J., Bucknam, C. H., Milosavlijevic, E. B., Chryssoulis, S. L., and Miller, R. A., eds., Analytical technology in the mineral industries: The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (TMS), Warrendale, Pa, pp. 223-236.

McCarty, D. K., Moore, J. N., and Marcus, W. A., 1998, Mineralogy and trace element association in an acid mine drainage iron oxide precipitate; comparison of selective extractions: Applied Geochemistry, v. 13, n. 2, p. 165-176

Murad, E., Schwertmann, U., Bigham, J.M., and Carlson, L., 1994, Mineralogical characteristics of poorly crystallized precipitates formed by oxidation of Fe2+ in acid sulfate waters, in Alpers, C.N., and Blowes, D.B., eds., Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation: American Chemical Society Symposium Series 550, p. 190-200.

Puffer, J. H. and Asemota, I., 1986, Sulfide mineral distribution of northern New Jersey rock formations and their surface drainage induced acid generating capacity: 33 p.

Thomson, B.M. and Turney, W.R. 1994, Minerals and mine drainage: Water Environ. Res., vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 417-432

Sherlock, E. J., Lawrence, R. W. and Poulin, R., 1995, On the neutralization of acid rock drainage by carbonate and silicate minerals: Environmental Geology, v. 25, pp. 43-54.

Waybrant, K.R., Blowes, D.W., Ptacek, C.J., and S.G. Benner, 1997. A geochemical and mineralogical investigation of porous reactive walls for the prevention of acid mine drainage. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, May 31 - June 6,1997, Vancouver, British Columbia, 1643-1658.

White W. W., III, Lapakko, K. A. and Cox, R. L., 1997, Effects of protocol variables and sample mineralogy on static-test NP, in Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Society of Mineral Analysts: April 7-10, 1997, Elko, NV, p. 188-233.

MONITORING

Ackman, T., and Kleinmann, R. L. P., 1985, In-line aeration and treatment of acid mine drainage-performance and preliminary design criteria: U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9027, pp. 53-61.

MEND, 1997b, Guideline document for monitoring acid mine drainage: Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) Project 4.5.4, October 1997, Canada.
A guide for the design and implementation of monitoring programs from the perspective of the development of a new mine. Additional information is provided for currently operating or decommissioned mines that face AMD concerns.

Fytas, K. and Hadjigeorgiou, J., 1995, An assessment of acid rock drainage continuous monitoring Technology; in Palmer, A. N., Deep-seated geochemical environments in karst: Environmental Geology, v. 25, n. 1, p. 36-42
This paper evaluates existing continuous monitoring technology.

Herr, C., 1995, Protocol for monitoring and predicting the impact of acid mine drainage: sediment sampling: Water Technology Research Technical Report 28, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

Lawrence, R. W. and Sherlock, E. J., 1995, Databases for acid rock drainage prediction and monitoring: Proc. 3rd Canadian Conf. Computer Applications in the Mineral Industry, Montreal, October 22-25, 825-833.

Robertson, E., 1990, Optimum sampling for acid mine drainage monitoring: Report prepared for the British Columbia Acid Mine Drainage Task Force.
Discusses study design and precision in relation to monitoring frequency and replication.

Sanders, T. G., Ward, R. C., Loftio, J. C., Steele, T. D., Adrian, D. D., and Yevjevich, V., 1987, Design of networks for monitoring water quality: Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Col. 80161, 328 p.

Terrestrial & Aquatic Environmental Managers Ltd., 1997, Guideline document for monitoring acid mine drainage: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines & Petroleum Resources and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, MEND Project 4.5.4, 357 pp.

Terrestrial & Aquatic Environmental Managers Ltd. and SENES Consultants Limited, 1997, Guideline document for monitoring acid mine drainage appendix A: technical summary notes: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines & Petroleum Resources and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, MEND Project 4.5.4, 74 pp.

Wright J. B, Nilsen D. N., Hundley G., and Galvan G. J., 1995, Field test of liquid emulsion membrane technique for copper recovery from mine solutions: Minerals Engineering, 8(4/5), pp. 549-556.

OCHRES/PRECIPITATES

Bigham, J. M., 1994, Mineralogy of ochre deposits formed by sulfide oxidation. In: Short Course Handbook on Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Mine-Wastes, J. L. Jambor and D.W. Blowes, Waterloo, Ontario, May 1994, pp. 103-132.
Brief description of sampling the different types of ochre deposits.

OVERBURDEN

Bradham, W. S., and Caruccio, F. T., 1995, Sensitivity Analysis of Laboratory Based Mine Overburden Analytical Techniques for the Prediction of Acidic Mine Drainage: University of South Carolina Department of Geological Sciences, Cooperative Agreement #GR 196451 [USC #13040-F-151], 267 pp.

Caruccio, F. T. and Geidel, G., 1982, The geologic distribution of pyrite and calcareous material and its relationship to overburden sampling; in Simpson, D. G. and Plass, W. T., eds., Proceedings of Seminar on the role of overburden analysis in surface mining: U. S. Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 8863, pp. 2-12

Caruccio, F. T., 1984, Applicability of Overburden Analytical Techniques in the Prediction of Acid Drainages, in Proceedings of Symposium on Overburden Analysis as Applied to Surface Mining: Clarion, Pennsylvania, Clarion University Coal Institute and Pennsylvania Mining Professionals.

Caruccio, F. T., and Geidel, G., 1982, The Geologic Distribution of Pyrite and Calcareous Material and its Relationship to Overburden Sampling, in Proceedings of Seminar on the role of Overburden Analysis in Surface Mining: U. S. Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 8863.

Noll, D. A., Bergstresser, T. W., and Woodcock, J., 1988, Overburden sampling and testing manual: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Bureau of Mining and Reclamation, 78 p.

Perry, E. F., 1985, Overburden analysis--an evaluation of methods; in 1985 Symposium on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology and reclamation: Lexington, University of Kentucky, pp. 369-375.

Rumble, C. L. and Miller, S. D., 1999, Identifying potentially acid forming overburden types using field NAG testing at PT Kaltim Prima Coal, Indonesia; in Cabri, L. J., Bucknam, C. H., Milosavlijevic, E. B., Chryssoulis, S. L., and Miller, R. A., eds., Analytical technology in the mineral industries: The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (TMS), Warrendale, Pa, pp. in Cabri, L. J., Bucknam, C. H., Milosavlijevic, E. B., Chryssoulis, S. L., and Miller, R. A., eds., Analytical technology in the mineral industries: The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (TMS), Warrendale, Pa, pp. 253-266.

Skousen, J., Rentoon, J., Brown, H., Evans, P., Leavitt, B., Brady, K., Cohen, L., and Ziemkiewicz, P., 1997, Neutralization potential of overburden samples containing siderite: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 26, n. 3, pp. 673-681.

Smith, R. M., and Sencindiver, J. C., 1982, Overburden Sampling and Analysis, in Proceedings of Seminar on the Role of Overburden Analysis in Surface Mining: U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8863.

Sobek, A. A., Schuller, W. A., Freeman, J. R., and Smith, R. M., 1978, Field and laboratory methods applicable to overburdens and minesoils: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Report USEPA-600/2-78-054, 203 pp..
Comprehensive guide to procedures for collecting, describing and analyzing mine soils and rocks.

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

Duncan, G. A. and Lattaie, G. G., 1979, Size analysis procedures used in the Sedimentology Laboratory, NWRI Manual: National Water Research Institute, Canada Centre for Inland Waters.

Hogg, R., 1988, Characterization problems in comminution-An overview: International Journal of Mineral Processing, v. 22, pp. 25-40.
Describes a formula for calculating minimum sample sizes for size fraction analysis.

Lapakko, K. A., and Haub, J., and Antonson, D., 1998, Effects of Dissolution Time and Particle Size on Kinetic Test Results: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Preprint 98-114, 9 pp.

McLemore, V. T., Brandvold, L. A., and Pease, T. C., 1995a, The effect of particle size distribution on the geochemistry of stream sediments from the upper Pecos River, San Miguel County, New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 46, p. 323-329.

PIT LAKES

Balistrieri, L.S., Tempel, R.N., Stillings, L.L., and Shevenell, L., in prep., Processes affecting the composition of water in pit lakes: A case study in Dexter pit lake, Tuscarora, NV. To be submitted to Applied Geochemistry (3/01).

Davis, A., and Eary, L. E., and Miller, G., 1996, Pit lake water quality in the western U. S.: unifying concepts: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc, Preprint 96-136, 6 pp.

Doyle, G. A., 1996, Physical limnology of existing mine pit lakes: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc, Preprint Number 96-75, 6 pp.

Price, J.G., Shevenell, L., Henry, C.D., Rigby, J.G., Christensen, L., Lechler, P.J., Desilets, M., Fields, R., Driesner, D., Durbin, W., and Lombardo, W., 1995, Water quality at inactive and abandoned mines in Nevada, Report of a cooperative project among state agencies: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 95-4, 72 p.

Shevenell, L., 2000, Water quality in pit lakes in disseminated gold deposits compared to two natural, terminal lakes in Nevada: Environmental Geology, v. 39, p. 807-815.

Shevenell, L., 2000, Analytical method for predicting filling rates of mining pit lakes: Example from the Getchell Mine, Nevada: Mining Engineering v. 52, no. 3, p. 53-60.

Shevenell, L., Connors, K.A., and Henry, C.D., 1999, Controls on pit lake water quality at sixteen open-pit mines in Nevada, Applied Geochemistry, v. 14, no. 5, p. 669-687.

Shevenell, L., 2000, Evaporative concentration in pit lakes: Example calculations for the Getchell pit lakes, Nevada: ICARD 2000, 5th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, May 21-24, 2000, Denver, CO (peer reviewed), v. 1, p. 337-345.

Shevenell, L., and Connors, K.A., 2000, Observed and experimental pit lake water quality in low sulfidation (quartz-adularia) deposits, Nevada: in Cluer, J.K., Price, J.G. Struhsacker, E.M., and Hardyman, R.F., eds., Geology and Ore Deposits 2000: The Great Basin and Beyond: Geological Society of Nevada Symposium Proceedings (peer reviewed), p. 855-867.

Shevenell, L., Connors, K.A., Henry, C.D., Lechler, P., Price, J.G., Desilets, M., and LaPointe, D.D., 1998, Chemical characteristics of past or existing pit lakes at precious metal mines in Nevada, Mine Design, Operations and Closure Conference, Polson, MT, April 19-23, 17 p. (Invited).

Tempel, R.N., Balistrieri L.S., and Stillings L.L., in prep., Quantitative modeling of processes controlling water chemistry in a mine pit lake: Dexter Pit Lake, Tuscarora, Nevada. To be submitted to Applied Geochemistry.

QA/QC

Johnson, W. M., 1993, Quality Control and Quality Assurance; in Chris Riddle, ed., Analysis of Geological Materials: Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 343-376.
Discusses in detail the components of a QC/QA program.

Norecol Environmental Consultants LTD., 1992, Field QA/QC Protocols for Monitoring and Predicting Impacts of Acid Rock Drainage: prepared for the Resource Branch of the British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Victoria, B.C., 63 pp.
Reviews the elements of field QA/QC programs for sampling surface and groundwater, effluents, sediments, soils, tailings and waste rock for chemical parameters related to acid rock drainage.

Sutherland, D., 1990, A planning guide to monitoring of mine impacts on NWR lakes, Vol. 1, Study design criteria and protocols for sampling water: Environmental Protection, Conservation and Protection, Northwest Territories District Office, Yellowknife, N.W.T.
Describes monitoring protocols with emphasis on QA/QC.

Taylor, J. K., 1987, Quality Assurance of Chemical Measurement: Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI., 328 pp.
Reference book on QA/QC in chemical measurements.

Tetra Tech Inc., 1981, Quality assurance/quality control for 301(h) monitoring programs: Guidance on field and laboratory methods: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA 430/9-86-004, Washington, D.C.
QA/QC procedures for effluents, receiving waters, sediments, benthos, and fish tissue sampling with marine orientation.

Thompson, M., 1989, Analytical quality control in theory and practice: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on the Harmonization of Quality Assurance Systems in Analytical Chemistry, April 1989, Washington, DC, (ISO/REMCO 184), pp. 183-189.
"All analytical measurements are wrong: it's just a question of how large the errors are, and whether they are acceptable".

Thompson, M. and Howarth, R. J., 1978, A new approach to the estimation of analytical precision: J. Geochem. Explor., v. 9, pp. 23-30.
Presents a method for calculating precision curves based on analysis of 50 or more duplicate pairs.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996, Guidance for data quality assessment: EPA/600/R-96-084.

Walsh, S. J., and Meador, M. R., 1998, Guidelines for quality assurance and quality control of fish taxonomic data collected as part of the national water-quality assessment program: United States Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4239, 33 pp.

RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT

De Souza Porto, M. F., and C. M. de Freitas, 1996, Major Chemical Accidents in Industrializing Countries: The Socio-Political Application of Risk, J. Risk Analysis, 16(1), 19-29.

Diekmann, J. E., and D. W. Featherman, 1998, Assessing Cost Uncertainty: Lessons from Envi-ronmental Restoration Projects, J. Construction Engin. and Manag., v. 124(6), 445-451.

Drewnowski, S., 1996, Evaluating and Managing Environmental Risk, Energy Economist, Issue 182, p. 10-14.

Volosin, J. S., Cardwell, R. D., and Wisdom, C. S., 1997, Use of risk assessment in the remediation of acid rock drainage: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, vol. 1, pp. 1813-1830.
Use of risk assessment methods to idenitfy 1) whether risks from ARD exist to either aquatic life, wildlife, or humans, 2) set performance goals, and 3) evaluate the success of resulting cleanup efforts.

SAMPLING

CANMET, 1994, Handbook for waste rock sampling techniques: Candian Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, MEND report 4.5.1-2, 77 pp.

Geoscience Laboratories, 1993, Laboratory Manual, v. 1, Sampling for Geological Analysis: Ontario Geological Survey, Misc. Paper 149.

Golder Associates and Senes Consultants, 1985, Uranium tailings sampling manual: Report NUTP-1 E, prepared for the National Uranium Tailings Program.
Short description of field sampling practices for tailings solids.

Gy, P.M., 1982, Sampling of Particulate Materials-Theory and Practice: Elsevier, New York, 431 pp.
Detailed theoretical treatment of sampling of heterogeneous particulate materials. An updated version of early work, summarized by Ingamells (1973).

Ingamells, C. O., 1973, Approaches to geochemical analysis and sampling: Talanta, v. 21, pp. 141-155.
Presents a formula for selecting appropriate sample sizes for size fraction analysis.

Ingamells, C. O. and Pittard, F. F., 1986, Chapter 1, Sampling; in Applied Geochemical Analysis: Wiley, Toronto, Canada, pp. 1-84.
Discussion of the principals of sampling for a wide variety of analyses.

Inland Waters Directorate (IWD), 1983, Sampling for water quality: Water Quality Branch, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Describes field procedures for sampling of surface water, precipitation, sediments and microbiological organisms; includes criteria for sample preservation and storage.

Keith L. H., Ed., 1996, Principles of Environmental Sampling: ACS Professional Reference Book, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 805 pp.
Thorough and comprehensive guide to sampling environmental samples. Chapters cover planning and program design, legal considerations, QA/QC, water sampling, air sampling, biota sampling, and solid and hazardous waste sampling. Chapter entitled "Overview of Sampling Process" contains a review of the literature and also addresses elements of environmental sampling protocols.

Lightfoot, P. C., and Riddle, C., 1990, An Introductory Guide to Sampling for Geological Analysis: Geoscience Laboratories, Ontario Geological Survey, Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, Toronto, Canada.

Marcott, D., Groleau, P., and Tavchandjian, O., 1998, Sampling density and grade control: CIM Bulletin 91(1022), pp. 68-75.

Maxwell, J. A., 1976, Sampling and sample preparation at the Geological Survey of Canada-The what, why, and how; in Accuracy in Trace Analysis: Sampling, Sample Handling, Analysis, Vol. 1: NBS Special Publication 422, U.S. Department of Commerce, pp.285-298.

Merks, J. W., 1985, Sampling and weighing of bulk solids: Trans Tech, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
Addresses probability, applied statistics, sampling and sample preparation. Emphasizes the use of variances as the critical parameter for precision measurements in sampling and weighing. Contains a thorough chapter on sample preparation including a discussion of comminution, core splitting, crushing, grinding, pulverizing, riffle dividers, incremental division and screening.

Mogollon, J. L., Ramirez, A. J., and Bifano, C., 1995, Influence of sampling strategy, lithology, vegetation and rainfall on metal background concentrations in sediment of the tropical Tuy River Basin, Venezuela: Chemical Geology, v. 121, pp. 263-272.

Obenauf, R. H., and Bostwick, R., 1988, SPEX handbook of sample preparation and handling: SPEX Industries, Inc., 94 pp.

Ott, C., and Dave, N., 1990, Field sampling manual for reactive sulphide tailings (abstr.): Geological Association of Canada; Mineralogical Association of Canada, Annual meeting, Program with abstracts, v. 15, p. 100

Pitard, F. F., 1989, Pierre Gy's Sampling Theory and Sampling Practice, v. 1, Heterogeneity and Sampling: CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Price, W. A., Morin, K., and Hutt, N., 1997, Waste rock weathering, sampling and analysis: Observations from the British Columbia Ministry of Employment and Investment Database: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, vol. 1, pp. 31-45.
Presents data on a weathering characterization program that illustrates the inadequacy of whole sample assays as a means of characterizing weathering and suggests that separately analyzing particle size fraction when evaluating weatheriing effects.

Richardson, J. M., 1993, A practical guide to field sampling for geological programs; in Riddle, C. ed., Analysis of Geological Materials: Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 37-64.

Schafer, W. M., 1993, Design of Geochemical Sampling Programs; in Mine Operation and Closure: Short Course Sponsored by the EPA and others April 27-29, 1993, Helena, MT.
Recommends 8-12 samples of each significant rock type or a sample for each 1 million tons be collected in a fixed-frequency sampling program.

Sinclair, A.J., 1975, Some considerations regarding grid orientation and sample spacing: Vancouver International Geochemical Exploration Symposium, pp. 133-140.
Presents formulae for determining appropriate grid spacing for detecting rectangular, circular and ellipsodial shaped anomalies in soil.

Von Guerard, P. and Ortiz, R. F., 1995, Effects of sampling methods on copper and iron concentrations, Alamosa River, south-central Colorado, 1993; in Posey, H. H.; Pendleton, J. A.; Van Zyl, D. J. A., eds., Proceedings; Summitville forum '95: Colorado Geological Survey, Special Publication 38, pp. 171-177

Wise, M. B. and Guerin, M. R., 1997, Direct sampling MS for environmental screening: Analytical Chemistry (Washington, DC), v. 69, n. 1, pp. 26A-32A.

SEDIMENTS

Allen, H. E., Hal, R. H., and Brisban, T. D., 1980, Metal speciation effects on aquatic toxicity: Environ Sci Technol., v. 14, p. 441-443.

Belzile, N., DeVitre, R. R., and Tessier, A., 1989, In situ collection of diagenetic iron and manganese oxyhydroxides from natural sediments: Nature, v. 340, p. 376-377.

Besser J. M., Ingersol, C. G. and Giesy, J. P., 1996, Effect of spatial and temporal variablity of acid volatile sulfide on the bioavailability of copper and zinc in freshwater sediments: Environmental Toxicological Chemistry, v. 15, p. 286-293.

Brandvold, L. A. and McLemore, V. T., 1999, A study of the analytical variation of sampling and analysis of stream sediments from mining and milling contaminated areas: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 64, pp. 185-196.

Brandvold, L. A., McLemore, V. T., Brandvold, D. K., and O'Conner, C., 1995, Distribution and partitioning of copper, lead, and zinc in stream-sediments above and below an abandoned mining and milling area near Pecos, New Mexico, U. S. A.: The Analyst, v. 120, p. 1485-1495.

Bufflap, W. E. and Allen, H. E., 1995, Sediment interstitial water collection methods: A review: Water Resources, v. 29, p. 65-177.

Cook, S. J., 1997, A comparison of differing lake sediment field sample sizes; application to geochemical exploration for epithermal gold deposits in central British Columbia: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 60, n. 2, p. 127-138

Dauvalter, V. A., 1998, Concentration of metals in bottom sediments of acid lakes: Water Resources, v. 25, n. 3, p. 328-335.

DeLaune, R. D., and Pardue, J. H, and Patrick, W. H. Jr., and Lindau, C. W., 1993, Mobility and transport of radium in sediment and waste pits: Hazardous Substance Research Center South and Southwest, Research Brief #2, 2 pp

Deniseger, J. and Kwong, Y.T., 1996, Risk assessment of copper-contaminated sediments in the Tsolum River near Courtenay, British Columbia: Water Quality Res J Canada, vol. 31, no. 4, p. 725-740

Di Toro, D. M., Hansen, D. J., McRath, J. A., and Berry, W. J., 2000, Predicting the toxicity of metals in sediments using SEM and AVS (draft in preparation)

E.V.S. Consultants, 1990, Review of Sediment Monitoring Techniques: prepared for Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, B.C., Acid Mine Drainage Task Force, Victoria, B.C., 87 p.
A review of sediment sampling techniques including sampling devices and analytical procedures. Major emphasis on biological monitoring techniques.

Fishman, M.J., and Friedman, L.C., eds., 1989, Methods for determination of inorganic substances in water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 5, Chapter A1, 545 p.

Herr, C. and Gray, N. F., 1997, Sampling riverine sediments impacted by acid drainage; problems and solutions: Environmental Geology, v. 29, n. 1-2, pp. 37-45.
The important factors affecting sampling of riverine sediments are examined. A recommended sampling and processing protocol is presented for AMD and ARD impacted riverine sediments, which includes sediment sampling, Fe hydroxide floc sampling, chemical analysis, interstitial water collection, sediments elutriates, sediment fractionation, and physical analysis. The important of bioassay testing is discussed.

Hughes, J. B., and Ward, C., H., 1995, Bioremediation of contaminated sediments and dredged materials: Hazardous Substance Research Center South and Southwest, Research Brief #9, 2 pp

Matysek, P. F., Fletcher, W. K., and Sinclair, A. J ., 1983, Statistical evaluation of categorical field parameters in the interpretation of regional geochemical sediment data: Proceedings of the Saskatoon International Geochemical Exploration Symposium, pp. 383-401.
A rigorous statistical analysis of the significance of the categorical field parameters to metal concentrations in sediments.

McLemore, V. T. and Brandvold, L. A., 1997, Transport of metals from the Pecos mine and Alamitos Canyon mill site in the Pecos River, northeastern New Mexico; in WERC-HSRC, 97 Joint conference on the environment: WERC and HSRC/S&SW, Proceedings Volume, pp. 189-193.

McLemore, V. T., Brandvold, L. A., Brandvold, and Brandvold D. K., 1993, A reconnaissance study of mercury and base metal concentrations in water, stream- and lake-sediment samples along the Pecos River in eastern New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 44, p. 339-351.

McLemore, V. T., Brandvold, L. A., Brandvold D. K., Kirk, K., Popp, C., Hanson, S., Radtke, R., Kyle, P. R., and Hossain, A. M., 1995b, A preliminary summary of multidisciplinary studies in the upper Pecos River area, Santa Fe and San Miguel Counties, New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 46, p. 331-338.

Plumb, R.H., 1981, Procedures for handling and chemical analysis of sediment and water samples: EPA/Corps of Eng. Technical Committee on Criteria for Dredged and Fill Material, Contract EPA-4805572010, EPA/CE-81-1, 478 pp.

Popp, C. J., Brandvold, D. K., Kirk, K., Brandvold, L. A., McLemore, V. T., Hansen, S., Radtke, R., and Kyle, P., 1996, Reconnaissance investigation of trace metal sources, sinks, and transport in the upper Pecos River Basin, New Mexico: U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Report No. 3-FC-4D-13830, 224 p.

Sanchez, J., Vaquero, M.C., and Legorburu, I., 1994, Metal pollution from old lead-zinc mine works: Biota and sediment from Oiartzun Valley: Environ. Technol., vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 1069-1076

Shelton, L. R., 1994, Guidelines for collecting and processing samples of streambed sediment for analysis of trace elements and contaminants for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U. S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 94-458, 20 pp.

Smith, S. C., 1985, Base metals and mercury in bryophytes and stream sediments from a geochemical reconnaissance survey of Chandalar Quadrangle, Alaska: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 25, pp. 345-365

Tessier, A. and Campbell, P. G. C., 1987, Partitioning of trace metals in sediments: Relationships with bioavailablity: Hydrobiologia

U.S. EPA, 1994, Equilibrium partitioning approach to predicting metal bioavailablity in sediments and the derivation of sediment quality criteria for metals: v. l1, JEPA-822D-94002.
Breifing report to the Science Advisory Board Office of Water, Office of Research and Development, Washington D.C.

SITE CHARACTERIZATION

Edwards, D. A. and Lawrence, R. W., 1995, Hydrogeological site characterization in an acid rock
drainage management program; in Reclamation in Extreme Environments: Proc. B.C. Mine Reclamation Symposium, Dawson Creek, June 19-23.

Hatheway. A. W., 1997, Site characterization of abandoned metal mines: AEG News 40/4, fall 1997, pp. 20-24

Soregaroli, B.A. and Lawrence, R.W. 1998. Update on Waste Characterization Studies, Proc. Mine Design, Operations and Closure Conference, Polson, Montana (e-mail soregarb@rmd.klohn.com for an electronic copy of the paper or presentation slides).

SLAGS

Koren, D.W., Wilson, L.J. and Lastra, R. Investigations of leach test protocols for slags. In Processing of Complex Ores - Mineral Processing and the Environment ed. by J.A. Finch, S.R. Rao and I. Holubec. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of Metallurgists of CIM, Sudbury, Ontario, August 17-19, 1997.

Lastra, R., Carson, D. And Koren, D.W. Mineralogical Characterization of the Leachable Elements in Ten Slags from Canadian Non-Ferrous Sulphide Smelters. SME Annual Meeting, March 9-11, 1998 Orlando, Florida.

Reddy, R. G., 2000, Recovery of pollution causing elements from copper slags; in Young, C., ed., Minor elements 2000, Processing and environmental aspects of As, Sb, Se, Te, and Bi: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colo., p. 239-250.

SOILS

Barth, D. S., Mason, B. J., Starks, T. H., and Brown, K. W., 1989, Soil sampling quality assurance users guide, U. S. EPA Report USEPA-600/8-89/046, 225 pp.
Review of QA/QC protocols for soil sampling. Several industrial contaminated site histories presented.

Boulding, J. R., 1994, Description and Sampling of Contaminated Soils: Lewis Publishers, 216 pp.

Fletcher, W. K., 1986, Analysis of soil samples; in Exploration Geochemistry: Design and Interpretation of Soil Surveys: Society of Economic Geologists, Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 3, pp. 79-96.
Description of methods for processing and analyzing natural soils for metals derived from weathering mineral deposits.

Hoffman, S. J., 1986. Soil sampling; in Exploration Geochemistry: Design and Interpretation of Soil Surveys: Society of Economic Geologists, Reviews in Exploration Geochemistry, v. 3, pp. 39-78.
Discussion of the effect of field parameters on the metal content of soils.

McLean, E. O., 1982, Soil pH and lime requirement; in Page, A. L., Miller, R. H., and Keeney, D. R., eds., Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd): Madison, Wis., American Society of Agronomy Monograph 9, p. 199-1042.

Myers, J.C., Brandt, J.E. and Joseph, W.L., 1997, A review of minesoil sampling and spatial variability in Texas; in Proceedings: American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation, 14th Annual Meeting, pp. 115-127.

Parizek, R. R., and Lane, B. E., 1970. Soil-water sampling using pan and deep pressure-vacuum
Lysimeters: Journal of Hydrology, v. 11, pp. 1-21.
A description of two soil-water sampling devices and success achieved in obtaining soil water on a routine basis at depths of 1 to 36 feet below land surface are described.

STATISTICS

Helsel, D.R., and Hirsch, R.M., 1992, Statistical methods in water resources: New York, Elsevier Publishers, Inc., Studies in Environmental Science no. 49, 522 p.

Smith, A. L., 1987, Statistical analyses of Columbia River Water Chemical Data: Prepared for Water Quality Branch, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, Pacific and Yukon Region, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Discusses the temporal bias inherent in water quality sampling along the cross section of the river.

Smith M. L., 1995, The role of geostatistical characterization in the remediation of mine wastes; in Scheiner, B. J., Chatwin, T. D., El-Shall, H., Kawatra, S. K., and Torma, A. E., eds., New Remediation Technology in the Changing Environmental Arena: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colorado, pp. 7-18.
Since mine waste characteristics are spatial, geostatistical methods should be used for the characterization and assessment of these wastes. A number of geostatistical methods are reviewed in terms of their application to mine waste sampling.

TAILINGS

Al, T. A., Blowes, D. W., and Jambor, J. L., 1994, A geochemical study of the main tailings impoundment at the Falconbridge Limited, Kidd Creek Division Metallurgical Site, Timmons, Ontario; in Jambor, J. L. and Blowes, D. W., eds., Short course handbook on environmental geochemistry of sulfide mine-wastes: Mineralogical Association of Canada, v. 22, p. 333-364.
The Kidd Creek mine is a massive sulfide copper, lead and zinc ore deposit in southeast Ontario, Canada. The paper is a site-specific study into the investigative methods and analyzes results of pore-water quality geochemistry in the vadose and saturated zones of the tailings, the tailings solids, and the hydrogeology within the tailings. The goal of study was to characterize geochemical interactions among tailings pore water, pore gas and solids in hopes that the research can assist in prediction of future effluent quality (mill discharge-water).
Sodium is added as part of the zinc refining process, which causes natrojarosite to form as a precipitate. Until 1985, natrojarosite residue was collected in a dedicated, lined settling pond (2.5 wt% of total tailings solids). The study documents the effects of 10+ years (at the time of publication) of co-disposal of natrojarosite with tailings slurry. Natrojarosite is thermodynamically unstable in the reducing conditions of sulfide rich tailings. One concern of this study was the possibility that ferric (Fe III) iron, released when natrojarosite goes into solution, would create/cause anaerobic oxidation of the sulfides in the tailings. This, in turn, could cause acid drainage releases from the impoundment.
Based on the authors= assumptions, when natrojarosite dissolves in the tailings pore water, the acid neutralization capacity of the tailings solids at Kidd Creek is estimated to diminish by 9.6%. However, the actual mineralogy of the site indicates that this estimate is too high for this site. For the long term, natrojarosite will serve as a source of Na, K, Pb, Fe and SO4 in any discharges from the impoundment. The hydrogeologic study of the tailings impoundment revealed that groundwater flow is radial and outward from the spigot, located in the central part of the tailings. Results of the groundwater flow study within the tailings will aid in decommissioning the tailings impoundment.

Blowes, D. W., Ptacek, C. J. and Jambor, J. L. 1994, Remediation and prevention of low-quality drainage from tailings impoundments; in Jambor, J. L. and Blowes, D. W., eds., Short course handbook on environmental geochemistry of sulfide mine-wastes: Mineralogical Association of Canada, v. 22, pp. 365-380.
The literature up to the early 1990s generally recognized three broad categories in the approach to abatement of poor quality drainage from tailings impoundments: collection and treatment; infiltration controls; and, sulfide oxidation controls. This paper briefly discusses / evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches.
Collection and treatment may be active, such as conventional water treatment systems, or passive, such as wetlands, woodwaste or peat that scavenges metals downstream from the discharge. Water treatment systems are capital intensive solutions that usually require long-term or perpetual treatment and maintenance, but are more effective in the long term that passive systems. In-situ treatment using porous reactive walls shows promise, but was discussed only briefly and was still under study at the time this paper was written.
Infiltration controls, e.g., restricting entry of rainfall, surface water and groundwater, are viable options and are most effective when used in conjunction with the appropriate site selection. Since this is often not possible, the use of synthetic liners, cutoff walls and /or diversion trenching can re-direct contaminated groundwater to an in-situ treatment area.
Sulfide oxidation controls include bactericides, armoring the sulfide mineral surfaces and oxygen diffusion barriers. The authors discuss several technologies in this category, but conclude that the effectiveness of most are not known or well understood for long term use.
In this paper, the authors present a fourth alternative to acid drainage treatment and prevention, that of preventing sulfide oxidation. This can occur when sulfate reduction is promoted and subsequent precipitation of low-solubility sulfide minerals occurs at depth in the tailings under conditions where these minerals remain stable. Various techniques are discussed, such as deep water disposal, concentrating the sulfide minerals at the end of the flotation process for separate disposal, adding organic carbon to enhance sulfate reduction reactions and disposal of the tailings in a thickened slurry. At the time of this writing, the authors felt that deep water disposal was the most thoroughly evaluated, and that other options were still under study.

Blowes, D. W., Alpers, C. N., Lortie, L., Gould, W. D., and Jambor, J. L., 1995, Microbiological, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of the Kidd Creek mine-tailings impoundment, Timmins Area, Ontario: Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 13, pp. 13-31.
This paper reports on a study of the varying degrees of sulfide oxidation found at three sites on the tailings pile. The objective of the study was to establish whether the intensity of sulfide oxidation correlates with overall microbial populations and whether certain microbial species predominate in the oxidation zones. The study showed that the bacteria were in abundance at the site where the acid generating process was most pronounced and thrived at the interface between the zones of unaltered tailings and the overlying altered sulfides. The paper briefly describes materials and methods of the study, including a microbiological study, mineralogical characterization, geochemical study and physical properties, then launches into a discussion of results of a progressively increasing geochemical maturation: the initiation of sulfide oxidation, the onset of acid drainage from the tailings, and the final stage where oxidation and acidification are well established. The authors conclude with a discussion about the relationships among the microbiological, geochemical and mineralogical observations.

Blowes, D.W., Lortie, L., Gould, W.D., Jambor, J. and Hanton-Fong, C.J. 1998. Geochemical, mineralogical, and microbiological characterization of a sulphide-bearing carbonate-rich gold mine tailings impoundment, Joutel, Québec. Appl. Geochem. (in press).

Bradham, W.S., and F.T. Caruccio, 1990, A Comparative Study of Tailings Analysis using Acid/Base accounting, Cells, Columns and Soxhelets. Proceeding of the 1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and Exhibition, Charleston, WV, April 23-26, pp.19-25.
Tailings samples from a variety of locations in Canada were tested to predict leachate quality using the commonly available tests for neutralization potential vs. acid generating potential. Of the analytical techniques commonly used in North America to evaluate drainage quality from mine waste and overburden, three dynamic test methods were chosen: weathering chamber cells, columns and soxhlet reactors. Acid / base accounting was the static method used to predict leachate quality. The weathering cell tests were found to be the most accurate when test results were compared to actual drainage quality from the sites where the samples originated. The leachate quality from the 10 samples that were tested varied according to how much acidic leachate was produced versus how much alkaline material was present in each sample to neutralize.

Feenstra, S., Reades, D.W., et.al (Golder Associates & SENES Consultants), 1985, Uranium tailings sampling manual: Report NUTP-1 E, prepared for the National Uranium Tailings Program, 87 p.
The Uranium Tailings Sampling Manual is the result of a five year, C$9.5 million R & D contract that discusses field sampling procedures for obtaining high quality, detailed geotechnical, geochemical, hydrological and air quality measurements at uranium mill tailings impoundments in Canada. The manual was initially intended as a reference on field sampling methods for Canada=s Atomic Energy Control Board and the provincial environmental regulatory agencies in establishing criteria for the decommissioning and abandonment of uranium mill tailings and long term protection of the environment and human health.
The manual acknowledges that the scope of sampling must be adapted to the character of the particular tailings impoundment. Uranium tailings vary considerably in character throughout Canada, namely in composition, age, size and physiographic setting. This has bearing on designing a sampling program for each site. The principal environmental concerns addressed in this manual are surface water runoff, seepage (exfiltration of tailings pore water) to groundwater and surface water, wind-blown dust and radon exhalation.
Although somewhat dated, the document is a good primer on approach and problem solving to sampling the various types of uranium mill tailings found in Canada.

MEND, 1989, Field sampling manual for reactive sulphide tailings: Mine Environmental Neutral Drainage (MEND) Project 4.1.1, November 1989, Canada, 169 pp..
Provides the objectives, descriptions, advantages, and disadvantages of each of various methods of collecting solid, liquid, and pore-gas samples.

Robertson, W. D., 1994, The physical hydrology of mill-tailings impoundments; in Jambor, J. L. and Blowes, D. W., eds., Short course handbook on environmental geochemistry of sulfide mine-wastes: Mineralogical Association of Canada, v. 22, pp. 1-18.

Robertson, J. D., Kuit, W. J., Campanella, R. G., Frew, D., McLeod, H. N., and Davies, M. P., 1997, The use of in-situ testing for the characterization of sulphide mine tailings: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, vol. 1, pp. 1761-1778.
Traditional grab and/or drilling samples followed by laboratory measurements do not always provide representative analyses. Therefore, in-situ methods, such as piezocone and discrete-depth water sampling techniques, provides alternative to traditional methods.

Runnells, D. D., Shields, M. J., and Jones, R. L., 1997, Methodology for adequacy of sampling of mill tailings and mine waste rock; in Proceedings of Tailings and Mine Waste 97: Rotterdam, Balkema, p. 561-563.
The authors state that adequacy of the sampling must be tailored to site-specific site situations, i.e., the degree of heterogeneity should be the sole dictate for determining what is an adequate population of representative samples and hence, an adequate and defensible characterization. AHow many is enough@ is a tough question when applied to characterization of waste rock and tailing facilities. The authors believe that there is no Acorrect@ number of samples that will apply to a general rule to adequately characterize a mine waste facility, such as samples per ton, per acre or per foot of drilled core. Using a statistical approach, they illustrate their point through the analysis of numerous samples to determine the adequacy of a sampling program for a large tailing facility in the western U.S.A. Their conclusion is that only enough samples need be taken to reach a relatively stable statistical distribution. Under ideal circumstances, one should take / analyze a relatively small batch of samples and wait for results before analyzing the next batch. In this way you would know exactly when to stop upon reaching a relatively stable statistical distribution. Their data also shows that simply adding a huge quantity of samples after reaching this stable statistical state yields only a very small increase in the statistical confidence level while adding greatly to the cost.

Shields, M. J., Runnells, D. D., and Jones, R. L., 1998, Methodology for adequacy of sampling mill tailings and mine waste rock: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration Annual Meeting, Preprint 98-23.
In characterization of a large tailings impoundment in the western US, 229 samples were found to be adequate to characterize 1.5 billion tons of tailings. For mine waste sampling, the variability of the site should dictate the number of samples, as each site is different and sampling should be tailored to the site.

SENES Consultants Limited, 1990, Critical review of the reactive acid tailings assessment program: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines & Petroleum Resources and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, MEND Project 1.21.1a, 67 pp.

WASTE ROCK PILES

Choquette, M., and Gelinas, P., and Isabel, D., 1993, Monitoring of acid mine drainage: chemical data from La Mine Doyon - south waste rock dump (1990 to 1995): British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines & Petroleum Resources and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, MEND Report 1.14.2b, 116 pp. (with data disk)

DeVos, K.J., and Pettit, C., and Martin, J., and Knapp, R. A., and Jansons, K. J., 1997, Whistle Mine waste rock study: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines & Petroleum Resources and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, MEND Project 1.41.4, 119 pp.

DeVos, K.J., and Pettit, C., and Martin, J., and Knapp, R. A., and Jansons, K. J., 1997, Whistle Mine waste rock study volume II - appendices: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines & Petroleum Resources and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, MEND Project 1.41.4, 368 pp.

Herring, J. R., Marsh, S. P., and McLemore, V. T., 1998, Major and trace element concentrations and correlations in mine dump samples from mining districts in Sierra, Socorro, and Otero counties, south-central New Mexico--Mockingbird Gap, Lava Gap, Salinas Peak, Goodfortune Creek, Bearden Canyon, and Sulfur Canyon mining districts of the northern San Andres Mountains, Sierra and Socorro County; Lake Valley mining district of Sierra County; and Tularosa and Orogrande mining districts of Otero County: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-486, 21 p.

Lawrence, R. W. 1990, Laboratory procedures for the prediction of long term weathering characteristics of mining wastes; in Proceedings Symposium on Acid Mine Drainage: Annual Meeting Geological Assoc. Canada and Mineralogical Assoc. Canada, Vancouver, B.C., May 16-18, 1990.

Lawrence, R. W., 1994, Database for ARD research and monitoring on waste rock dumps:
Report to MEND on DSS Contract No. 23440-3-9011/01-SQ, MEND Project No. 1.41.2, April 1994.

MEND, 1994c, Handbook for waste rock sampling techniques: Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) Report 4.5.1-1, June 1994, Canada.
Concise summary of currently available sampling techniques. Intended to be used in conjunction with reference, Anonymous 1994b, immediately above.

Munroe, E. A. and McLemore, V. T., 1999, Waste rock pile characterization, heterogeneity and geochemical anomalies in the Hillsboro mining district, Sierra County, New Mexico: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 66, p. 389-405.

Munroe, E. A., McLemore, V. T., and Dunbar, N. W., 2000, Mine waste rock pile geochemistry and mineralogy in southwestern New Mexico, USA; in ICARD 2000-Proceedings from the 5th international conference on acid rock drainage: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colo., pp. 1327-1336.

Nolan, Davis, and Associates (N. B.) Limited, 1993, Field procedures manual, gas transfer measurements, waste rock piles, Heath Steele Mines, New Brunswick: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines & Petroleum Resources and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, MEND Report 1.22.1a, 115 pp.
Provides the rational and description of the various techniques and procedures proven effective for measuring thermal conductivity, gas diffusion, and gas permeability.

Price, W. A. and Kwong, Y. T. J., 1997, Waste rock weathering, sampling and analysis: observations from the British Columbia Ministry of Employment and Investment database: Proc. 4th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, Vancouver, BC, pp. 31-45.

Ritchie, A.I.M., 1994, Rates of mechanisms that govern pollutant generation from pyritic wastes; in Alpers C.N., and Blowes, D.W., eds., Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 550, pp. 108-122.

SENES Consultants Limited, 1994, Review of waste rock sampling techniques: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines & Petroleum Resources and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, MEND Report 4.5.1-1, 111 pp.
Review is divided into two parts. Part A presents a literature review and discussions of the various waste rock sampling techniques. Part B. provides guidance to a broad spectrum of concerned parties as to the available sampling techniques and suggested methodologies to apply during the various stages of a mine development.

SENES Consultants Limited, 1994, Handbook for waste rock sampling techniques: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines & Petroleum Resources and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, MEND Report 4.5.1-2, 72 pp.

Smith, A., in press, Waste rock characterization: Short-term and long-term geochemical behavior of project wastes; in SME Mining Environmental Handbook: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.

Smith, K. S., and Ramsey, C. A., and Hageman, P. L., 2000, Sampling strategy for the rapid screening of mine-waste dumps on abandoned mine lands: United States Geological Survey, Open-File Report 00-016, 9 pp.

U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 1992. A conceptual waste rock sampling program for mines operating in metallic sulfide ores with a potential for acid rock drainage: Gene Farmer, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Ogden, Utah.

Yeates, J., 1993, Waste rock geochemistry as an aid to the development of cost-effective mine waste planning and rehabilitation strategies; in Robertson, I.,; Shaw, W., Arnold, C., and Lines, K., eds., Proceedings of the International mining geology conference: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Publication Series , v. 5/93, p. 219-220.

Zehner, W. B., Cornelius, J. M., and Beeson, D. L., 1997, Methodologies for the characterization of hard-rock mine sites; in Proceedings: American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation, 14th Annual Meeting, pp. 404-409.

WATER

Amirtharajah, A., and Sturm, T. W. (investigators), and Dennett, K. E., and Mahmood, T. (research assistants), 1994, Understanding why contmainants are released from sediments in waterways: Hazardous Substance Research Center South and Southwest, Research Brief #5, 2 pp

Balistrieri, L. S., Bookstrom, A. A., Box, S. E., and Ikramuddin, M.,1998, Drainage from adits and tailings piles in the Coeur d'Alene mining district, Idaho; sampling, analytical methods, and results: U. S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report OF 98-0127, 19 p.

Banks, D., Younger, P. L., Arnesen, R. T., Iversen, E. R., and Banks, S. B., 1997, Mine-water chemistry: The good, the bad, and the ugly: Environmental Geology, v. 32, pp. 157.

Barnes, I., Stuart, W. T., and Fisher, D. W., 1964, Field investigation of mine waters in the northern anthracite field Pennsylvania: U. S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 473-B, p. B1-B8.

Benner, S. G., Smart, E. W., Moore, J. N., 1995, Metal behavior during surface-groundwater interaction, Silver Bow Creek, Montana, Environ. Science Technology v. 29, n. 7, pp. 1789-1795.
Describes a unique method of sampling the solid-phase chemistry of the hyporheic zone in the bed sediment of a small creek underlain by acidic, metal-rich groundwater.

Bollans, R. A., Crozier, R., and McQuaker, N. R., 1989, Field criteria for sampling effluents and receiving waters, BC Ministry of Environment, Waste Management Branch, Victoria, B.C.
Provides protocols for sample collection and flow measurements.

Brown, E., Skougstad, M. W., and Fishman, M. J., 1970, Methods for collection and analysis of water samples for dissolved minerals and gases: U. S. Geological Survey, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 5, Chapter A-1, 160 p.
Provides protocols for water sample collection, preservation, and analysis.

Claassen, H. C., 1982, Guidelines and techniques for obtaining water samples that accurately represent the water chemistry of an aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-1024, 49 p.

Clark, L., 1994, Identifying contamination of surface and groundwaters by mines; in Managing Abandoned Mine Effluents and Discharges: Conference organized by IBC International, London, UK, September 1994.

Clarkson, C. C., 1978, River quality monitoring: Selection of of water quality sampling sites and characterization of a pollutant in a stream: M. S. thesis, University of Massachusetts.

Copeland, W. B., Luscher, U., and Hughes, E., 1996, The San Leandro plume; a regional study of groundwater contamination; in Environmental geotechnics: A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, p. 37-42.

Cosler, D. J., 1997, Ground-water sampling and time-series evaluation techniques to determine vertical concentration distributions: Ground Water, v. 35, n. 5, pp. 825-841

Cravotta, A. C., III, and Bird, P.H., 1995, Effects of water saturation and microbial activity on acid production and metals transport from pyritic shale: EOS (abstr.), v. 76, n. 17, p. S149.

Currens, J. C., 1997, A sampling plan for conduit-flow karst springs; minimizing sampling cost and maximizing statistical utility; in Beck, B. F., Stephenson, J. B., and Herring, J. G., eds., The engineering geology and hydrogeology of karst terranes: A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam-Boston, Proceedings-Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, v. 6, pp. 193-198

Dissmeyer, G. E., 1994, Evauluating the effectiveness of best management practices in meeting forestry water quality goals or standards: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Misc. Publication 1520.

Erickson, D., 1998, Yelm groundwater baseline sampling: Washington Department of Ecology, Report no. 98-301, 53 pp.

Eriksson, N., Gupta, A., and Destouni, G., 1997, Comparative analysis of laboratory and field tracer tests for investigating preferential flow and transport in mining waste rock: Journal of Hydrology, v. 194, n. 1-4, pp. 143-163

Gilliom, R. J., Alley, W. M., and Gurtz, M. E., 1995, Design of the national water-quality assessment program: occurrence and distribution of water-quality conditions: U. S. Geological Survey, Circular 1112, 33p.

Gray, N.F., 1996, Field assessment of acid mine drainage contamination in surface and ground water: Environ. Geology, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 358-361

Hall, G., E., M., and the Analytical Method Development Laboratory of the GSC, 1998, Relative contamination levels observed in different types of bottles used to collect water samples: Explore, no.100, pp. 1, 3-7.

Harris, G. B., 2000, The removal and stabilization of arsenic from aqueous process solutions:Past, present, and future; ; in Young, C., ed., Minor elements 2000, Processing and environmental aspects of As, Sb, Se, Te, and Bi: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colo., p. 3-20.

Helsel, D. R., 1987, Advantages of nonparametric procedures for analysis of water quality data: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 32, no. 2, pp. 179-190.

Hem, J. D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water: U. S. Geological Survey Water Supple Paper 2254, 263 p.

Herbert, R. B., Jr., 1994, Metal transport in groundwater contaminated by acid mine drainage: Nordic Hydrology, v. 25, n. 3, pp. 193-212.

Kimball, B. A., Callender, E., and Axtmann, E. V., 1995, Effects of colloids on metal transport in a river receiving acid mine drainage, upper Arkansas River, Colorado, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 10, n. 3, p. 285-306

MEND, 1994e, Evaluation of an underwater monitoring probe for locating and estimating the impact of groundwater discharges to surface waters adjacent to potential sources of acid mine drainage: Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) Report 4.8.2, September 1994, Canada.
A new reconnaissance method for detection of AMD which involved towing an electrical-conductance, bottom-contacting probe (known as the sediment probe) behind a slowly moving boat over a lake and a river bottom was evaluated. The method effectively solves the problem of identifying discharge of AMD in surface waters, and by quantifying the groundwater and solute-transport, it has provided estimates of impact at points of discharge.

Ortiz R F, von Guerard P and Walton-Day K. 1995. Effects of a localized rainstorm on the water quality of the Alamosa River upstream from Terrace Reservoir, south-central Colorado, August 9-10, 1993. In: Proceedings: Summitville Forum '95, pp 178-182, Colorado Geological Survey Special Publication 38.

Parizek, R. R., and Lane, B. E., 1970. Soil-water sampling using pan and deep pressure-vacuum Lysimeters: Journal of Hydrology, v. 11, pp. 1-21.
A description of two soil-water sampling devices and success achieved in obtaining soil water on a routine basis at depths of 1 to 36 feet below land surface are described.

Petruk, E. W., ed., 1998, Waste characterization and treatment: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colo., 162 pp.

Puls, R. W., 1988, Colloidal considerations in sampling ground water for inorganics, Pinal Creek, Globe, Arizona, in McCarthy, J. F. and Wobber, F. J., Mobility of colloidal particles in the subsurface; chemistry and hydrology of colloid-aquifer interactions: DOE/ER-0425, p. 49-52

Rogers, C. D., 1996, Savannah River Site's groundwater monitoring program, first quarter 1996, volumes I and II: ESH-EMS-960056, 800 p.

Runnells, D.D., Dupon, D.P., Jones, R.L., and Cline, D.J., 1998, Determination of natural background concentrations of dissolved components in water at mining, milling and smelting sites: Min Eng, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 69-71

Sanders, T. G., Ward, R. C., Loftis, J. C., Steele, T. D., Adrian, D. D., and Yejevich, V., 1983, Design of networks for monitoring water quality, Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colorado, 328 p.

Shelton. L. R., 1994, Field guide for collecting and processing stream-water samples for the national water-quality assessment program: U. S Geological Survey, Open-file Report 94-455, 42 p.

Simpson, P. R., Breward, N., Flight, D. M. A., Lister, T. R., Cook, J. M., Smith, B., and Hall, G. E. M., 1996, High resolution regional hydrogeochemical baseline mapping of stream water of Wales, the Welsh borders and West Midlands region: Applied Geochemistry, v. 11, n. 5, p. 621-632

Simpson, P. R., Edmunds, W. M., Breward, N., Cook, J. M., Flight, D., Hall, G. E. M., Lister, T. R., 1993, Geochemical mapping of stream water for environmental studies and mineral exploration in the UK, in Davenport, P. H., ed., Geochemical mapping: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 49, n. 1-2, p. 63-88

Smith, L., and Lopez, D. L., and Beckie, R., and Morin, K., and Dawson., R., and Price, W., 1995, Hydrogeology of waste rock dumps: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines & Petroleum Resources and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, MEND Associate Project PA-1, 130 pp.

Steffen Robertson Kirsten, Inc. (B.C.), Norecol Environmental Consultants Ltd., and Gormely Process Engineering, 1990, Draft Acid Rock Drainage Technical Guide, Vol. 1: Report prepared for the British Columbia Acid Mine Drainage Task Force.
Contains a chapter describing strategies for monitoring impact of mine water on groundwater near mines, also contains a section on sampling methods for static and kinetic tests.

Steffen Robertson and Kirsten, Inc. (B.C.), 1992, Mine Rock Guidelines: Design and Control of Drainage Water Quality: Saskatchewan Environment and Public Safety, Mines Pollution Control Branch Report #93301.

Struhsacker, D. W., 1995, The importance of waste characterization in effective environmental planning, project design, and reclamation; in Scheiner, B. J., Chatwin, T. D., El-Shall, H., Kawatra, S. K., and Torma, A. E., eds., New Remediation Technology in the Changing Environmental Arena: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colorado, pp. 19-25.
Discussion and review of sampling and tests to classify mine waste.

Thomson, B.M., 1994, Minerals and mine drainage: Water Environment Research, v. 66, no. 4, p. 415(-).

Twidwell, L., McCloskey, J., Miranda, P., and Gale, M., 2000, Potential techniques for removing selenium from process and mine wastewater, ; in Young, C., ed., Minor elements 2000, Processing and environmental aspects of As, Sb, Se, Te, and Bi: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, Colo., p. 53-66.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999, Surface waters, qualifying physical habitat in wadeable streams: EMAP, EPA/620/R-99/003.

Van der Leeden, F., Troise, F. L., and Todd, D. K., 1990, The water encyclopedia: Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan, 808 p.

Vinyard, G.L., 1996, A chemical and biological assessment of water quality impacts from acid mine drainage in a first order mountain stream, and a comparison of two bioassay techniques: Environ. Technol., vol. 17, no. 3, p. 273-281.

Wood, W. W., 1976, Guidelines for the collection and field analysis of ground-water samples for
selected unstable constituents: U. S. Geological Survey, Techniques of Water Resources
Investigations, Book 1, Chapter D-2, 24 p.

National field manual for the collection of water-quality data

Internet references

http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/mine
http://amli.usgs.gov/amli
http://www.epa.gov/r10earth/offices/oea/qaindex.htm
http://mend2000.nrcan.gc.ca/report-t.htm#Monitoring
http://water.wr.usgs.gov/mine/coal.html
http://www.state.sd.us/state/executive/denr/DES/mining/acidrock.htm
Mills C. ARD webpage. AN INTRODUCTION TO ACID ROCK DRAINAGE

http://www.enviromine.com/ard/Eduardpage/ARD.HTM
http://www.mdag.com/
http://www.//epe.gov/r10earth/offices/oea/qaindex.htm
http://www.state.sd.us/denr/DES/mining/adti.htm

Sources of EPA test methods
http://www.epa.gov/epahome/index/sources.htm

Quality assurance/quality control for acid rock drainage studies
http://www.enviromine.com/ard/Acid-Base%20Accounting/Quality.htm

EPA Region 1 - QA unit fact sheet 11/96
X-Ray Fluorescence
http://www.epa.gov/region01/measure/xray/xrayfluor.html

EPA Region 1 - New monitoring well sampling procedure
http://www.epa.gov/region01/measure/well/wellmon.html

The role of micro-organisms in acid rock drainage
http://www.enviromine.com/ard/Microorganisms/roleof.htm

Petrology and mineralogy in ARD prediction
http://www.enviromine.com/ard/Mineralogy/Petrology%20and%20Mineralogy.htm

ARD waste rock block modeling
http://www.enviromine.com/ard/Introduction/BlockModel.htm

Remote mineral mapping using AVIRIS data at Summitville, Colorado and the adjacent San Juan mountains
http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/PAPERS.summitv/summitv.html

Problems associated with the EPA/ASTM approved method for determination of total cyanide
http://www.infomine.com/technomine/labmine/cyanide.htm

BLM AML site www.blm.gov/narsc/aml